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Enzyme Catalysis
Published in Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, 1997
Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark
(7) Fusel oils are produced as a fermentation by-product. They are a mixture of amyl and propyl alcohol isomers, found at concentrations of 1-5 liters/1000 liters ethanol, depending on the type of substrate. Pure fusel oils are high boilers 128-137∘C, but in aqueous solutions their volatility is increased and they are found in the stripping section and cannot be recovered in the bottoms product.
Production of Beer Raw Materials and Brewing Processes
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
During wort fermentation in both top and bottom fermentation, anaerobic conditions predominate; the initial oxygen is only required for cell growth. Fermentable sugars are converted to alcohol, CO2 and heat which must be removed by cooling. Dextrins and maltotetraoses are not fermented. Higher alcohols (sometimes known as fusel oils) including propanol and isobutanol are generated from amino acids. Organic acids such as acetic, lactic, pyruvic, citric, and malic are also derived from carbohydrates via the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
The effect of fusel oil as a reductant over the multi-metallic catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx in diesel exhaust at low-temperature conditions
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Şilen U. H. Sümer, Sinan Keiyinci, Ali Keskin, Himmet Özarslan, Zeycan Keskin
Various HC reductants such as ethanol, methane, and propane were evaluated in terms of NOx reduction performance in SCR systems. Fusel oil, one of the higher alcohols, is a by-product after distillation during the generation of ethyl alcohol by fermentation method (Solmaz 2015). Considering the chemical structure of fusel oil, it has been determined that it can be a possible alternative reducing material in SCR systems and fill the gap in the literature related to it. Thus, the creation of a possible use area for fusel oil as a by-product may be a step that will reduce the current environmental pollution. In this study, the potential usage feasibility of fusel oil in the SCR system as a reductant chemical has been investigated experimentally. In the scope of the experimental study, fusel oil was injected to exhaust gases in the SCR performance test system and Mo-Cu-Ag/TiO2/Cordierite catalyst was used for all tests. NOx conversion ratios were obtained at various engine loads, space velocities, and exhaust gas temperatures. Besides, the characterization of the Mo-Cu-Ag/TiO2/Cordierite catalyst was examined with SEM/EDS, BET, XRD, and FTIR analysis.
Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of a CI diesel engine fueled with fusel oil/diesel fuel blends
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Another alternative energy source that can be used in internal combustion engines is fusel oil. Fusel oil is obtained as a by-product of ethyl alcohol production with fermentation during the distillation process and is a natural source of amyl alcohols (Calam et al. 2015b, 2015a). Fusel oil consist of ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, small amounts of water and trace aldehydes, free acids and their esters. The amount and the composition of the fusel oil depend on the type of carbon used in the alcohol production, the fermentation process, the preparation and the separation method of the fusel oil from the mixture (Yılmaz 2019). In Turkey, approximately 12 million tons of sugar beet have recently been processed, and nearly 550,000 tons of beet molasses have been made. About 30 million liters of ethyl alcohol per year is produced from this molasses. Approximately, 1 liter of acetaldehyde and 5 liters of fusel oil are obtained in every 1000 liters of ethyl alcohol distillation (Awad et al. 2017a). Fusel oil composition and physical properties are presented in Table 1.
Exergy analysis of fusel oil as an alternative fuel additive for spark ignition engines
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Süleyman Üstün, Battal Doğan, Derviş Erol
There are studies in the literature that examine the effects on engine performance characteristics of using different alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and octanol, as alternative fuels in internal combustion engines [14–20]. Ethanol in particular is the most widely used biofuel because, according to the results obtained from these studies, it is the most suitable alcohol fuel for spark ignition (SI) engines. Therefore, it has become necessary to investigate the use of alcohol fuels in SI engines more comprehensively [21–23]. Fusel oil is produced during the production of ethyl alcohol from the molasses remaining during sugar production from sugar beet in many commercial factories producing bioethanol worldwide. Approximately 1–11 L of fusel oil can be produced as a by-product per 1000 L of ethanol. Due to this low production volume compared to ethanol, fusel oil is considered a waste product. Fusel oil has a dark brown color and a very strong odor [24,25]. Fusel oil contains many types of alcohol such as ethanol, n-butanol, isobutyl and isobutanol, in addition to isoamyl alcohol as the main component [26]. Due to the high cost of separating these different alcohols in fusel oil, it is left as a waste product. The use of fusel oil as an alternative fuel additive is important regarding environmental pollution and the economy. The usage areas of fusel oil are very few and limited. Fusel oil, which has an oxygen chemical structure, has been recently used as an alternative fuel additive in SI engines because of its high octane number [27–29]. Increasing the compression ratio is one of the most significant ways to increase the efficiency of an SI engine and reduce fuel consumption. However, increasing the compression ratio can increase the temperature of the fuel/air blend in the cylinder at compression stroke to a value close to or above the ignition temperature. Due to the increased temperature of the fuel/air blend, the fuel/air blend may start to ignite spontaneously at one or more points in the combustion chamber, without spark plugs. In this case, a knock occurs in the engine. Knocking is an undesirable condition that reduces the performance of internal combustion engines and adversely affects engine life and exhaust emission characteristics. The octane number is a critical fuel property that plays an important role in the compression of the fuel/air blend at the compression stroke of the engine before it is ignited by the spark plug, without causing knocking in the engine. A fuel with a high octane number can withstand a higher compression ratio without producing knocking in the engine. Adding high-octane fuels or additives that increase the octane number to pure gasoline fuel allows the design and use of SI engines with higher compression ratios. The use of high-octane fuels in SI engines allows these engines to run more efficiently and with higher performance. Fusel oil has a higher octane number (research octane no: 106.85) compared to gasoline (research octane no: 90–100) and higher oxygen content, which reduces the knocking problem in SI engines and positively affects engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics. However, it also has some adverse effects on engine performance due to the high water content in fusel oil [30–33].