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Operations Handling Crude Oil: Treatment, Dehydration, and Desalting
Published in Hussein K. Abdel-Aal, Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Engineering Operations, 2021
The total pressure exerted by the crude oil is contributed by the partial pressure of low boiling compounds which may be present in small quantities. Examples are methane and H2S. The maximum volume of hydrocarbon liquid that is stable under stock tank conditions can be obtained by using what is known as trayed stabilizer. It is a fractionating column, but with no reflux pumps, and no condensers. Cold feed is introduced to the top plate of the column. This provides internal reflux, where the falling liquid contacts the warm vapors rising from the bottom of the column. The rising vapors strip the lighter ends from the crude; while the crude absorbs and dissolves some of the heavy ends from the vapors. A flow diagram for the process is given in Figure 17.5. Stabilization generally increases the recovery of stock tank of crude by 3–7% over simple stage stabilization or separation.
Natural Gas
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
The natural gas liquids (NGL) are recovered next, via cryogenic low-temperature distillation process involving expansion of the gas through a turbo-expander, followed by distillation in a de-methanizing fractionating column. Lean oil absorption process can be used here also, rather than the cryogenic turbo-expander process. The residue gas from the NGL recovery section is the final, purified “sales” gas which is pipelined to end-user markets.
Fossil Energy Markets
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
The natural gas liquids (NGL) are recovered next, via cryogenic low-temperature distillation process involving expansion of the gas through a turbo-expander, followed by distillation in a demethanizing fractionating column. Lean oil absorption process can be used here also, rather than the cryogenic turbo-expander process. The residue gas from the NGL recovery section is the final, purified “sales” gas which is pipelined to end-user markets.
Insight into intermolecular interactions and hydration properties of biologically active amino acids in aqueous solutions of cefepime: volumetric, compressibility and viscometric studies
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Suvarcha Chauhan, Neetika Kumari, Lalita Pathania
All the solutions were prepared in de-ionized distilled water having conductivity (1–3) S·cm−1 and of pH 6.8 − 7.0 (298.15 K), obtained by double distillation of ordinary water in the presence of acidified KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 over a ∼750 mm long fractionating column. The stock solutions of cefepime (0.001, 0.005, and 0.010 mol·kg−1) were prepared and have been used as solvents for the preparation of amino acid/peptide solutions using high precision (± 0.0001 g) digital balance (SHIMADZU CORPORATION JAPAN, type- AX200, No.-D432613208). The required concentrations of glycine and glycylglycine (0.02–0.20 mol·kg−1) have been obtained by adding small aliquots of a concentrated solution to 20 ml of cefepime stock solutions.
Intrinsic adhesive and cohesive assessment of the moisture sensitivity of bio-rejuvenated recycled asphalt binders
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2019
Ana Jiménez del Barco Carrión, Juan S. Carvajal-Muñoz, Davide Lo Presti, Gordon Airey
RA binder was recovered from a RA source in France according to EN 12697-4:2005 Fractionating Column by distillation. The two bio-materials were considered as binders, namely: BioBinder (BB) and Biophalt® (BP). BB is a binder produced from the blend of a pentaerythritol rosin ester (80% in mass) and linseed oil (20% in mass). The rosin is light-coloured, deodorised and used in various adhesive and road marking Hot Melt formulations. Biophalt® is a vegetal binder manufactured from by-products of the paper industry and distillation of crude tall oil, containing polymers and patented by Eiffage company. A conventional 50/70 penetration grade bitumen (50/70) was included in the investigation for comparison with the binders and blends.
Concentrated Nonequilibrium HD for the Cross Calibration of Hydrogen Isotopologue Analytics
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2020
Sebastian Mirz, Tim Brunst, Robin Größle, Bennet Krasch
The process of distillation depends on the difference in vapor pressure of different substances at a given temperature. A single distillation step does not provide highly concentrated substances in the distillate. To achieve this, either single distillation steps are combined in a sequential distillation, or the distillation is implemented in a fractionating column. The working principle of the fractionating column of the TRENTA facility, which is optimized to separate the inactive hydrogen isotopologues H2, HD, and D2, is discussed in the following. This column is schematically shown in Fig. 2. The descriptions in this section are based on Mirz’s dissertation.13