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Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
Published in A. Pizzi, K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 2017
The first step in manufacturing technology involves formulation. In industrial practice, formulation is the blending of different components of a recipe to achieve adequate technological and end-use performance characteristics. In the domain of PSPs, formulation includes theoretical, experimental, and industrial know-how concerning the design and manufacture of a product component or the whole pressure-sensitive product. As discussed in [95,108], formulation is synthesis and end use-related. Formulation affects global product technology, adhesive-coating technology (productivity-related and environment-related considerations), adhesive manufacturing, and conversion technology (see Section 19.5.2.4). Details (the nature and viscosity of the dispersing medium, solids content, drying, running speed. and recycling) are given in [63].
Considerations for Development and Manufacture
Published in Richard J. LaPorte, Hydrophilic Polymer Coatings for Medical Devices, 2017
Conventional coating formulations usually include four classes of components. Binders provide adhesion of the coating to the substrate, form a continuous matrix or film that holds together other components in the formulation, and provide an interface with the surrounding environment. In organic-based coatings, binders are organic polymers. Volatile components are liquids used as vehicles or carriers that help spread the coating formulation over the substrate. Examples are water and low-molecular-weight organic solvents, which are expected to evaporate from the formulation during and after its application to the substrate. Pigments are insoluble particles that provide color and/or opacity to the formulation and may also affect flow and performance properties. Although common in conventional coatings, they need not be included in the formulation when color or opacity is not required. Additives are any additional components added to the formulation to modify cost and/or properties. They include catalysts, fillers, thickeners, or virtually any other material necessary to impart desired properties to the formulation.
Nonclinical Studies
Published in John M. Centanni, Michael J. Roy, Biotechnology Operations, 2016
John M. Centanni, Michael J. Roy
Nonclinical animal studies reflect a vocabulary that is unique to this endeavor. These terms are explained here because they are commonly used in study protocols. First are the trade terms. Test article is the product or final product, as described in Chapters 6 and 7. It is the final formulation of the material that is being tested. Neat means an article is used in full strength or undiluted. Placebo represents inactive ingredient and might be referred to as control or control article. A diluent is a defined solution, buffer, or formulation, such as physiological saline, used to titrate the test article or control. An excipient is a nonactive ingredient included in a formulation. Common excipients for biopharmaceuticals include detergents that prevent protein precipitation and sugars that preserve the integrity of cells in a solution. A particular type of excipient, the vehicle, is a chemical that serves to enhance transfer, absorption, or distribution of the biopharmaceutical. Tween 80, a detergent-like molecule is used to prevent aggregation and as such considered a vehicle in formulations of certain protein biopharmaceuticals.
Towards consumer driven food new product development: a closed-loop platform
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2022
Mohannad Jreissat, Charalampos Makatsoris
To enable manufacturing the target customised product like orange beverage formulations based on customer demands, the ingredient and process parameters were determined by applying Central Composite Design (CCD) under RSM for different product formulations of the orange beverage product. Each formulation involves developing a product comprising of different quality attributes such as physical or physicochemical and sensorial properties. These parameters include ingredients types and their concentrations (w/w %), net flow rate (ml/min), oscillatory amplitude (mm) and frequency (Hz). In this regard, empirical models (e.g. RSM models) were established to link the formulation parameters with the product’s quality attributes and ultimately contour the formulation design space. This enabling to allow mapping the target formulation-based consumer in the experimental design space and to produce its similarities successfully in the novel flow formulation system within the experimental limits studied. Table 2 presents the experimental design space for formulating orange beverages and their physicochemical properties, including product and process conditions with their setting limits examined. A correlation matrix was generated to evaluate significant interrelationships between the quality attributes of the formulated orange beverages selected for statistical analysis (Table 3). Most of the interrelationships between these properties were found in a good indication (i.e. above 0.3) for gathering results.
Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles of furosemide using quality by design
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
Hasan Ali, Sandeep Kumar Singh
The objective of the optimization of formulations is usually to decide the levels of the factors from which formulation with superior characteristics can be fabricated. After creating the polynomial equations involving the responses (Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4 and Y5) and factors (X1 and X2), the process was optimized for all the chosen responses. The desirability function was explored by Design-Expert software to obtain the optimum product. Computer-generated desirability function of the optimization process determined the outcome of the levels of factors on the responses, and calculated the exact point that maximizes the desirability of the procedure (Kumar, Verma, and Singh 2015). The required constraint is chosen according to the significance that may change the features of a goal. The correlation between independent factors and responses is studied by plotting a desirability response surface curve (Figure 6f). The constraints in this study comprise independent factors X1 (CMP in the range from 160 to 300 mg) and X2 (CRM RH 40 from 200 to 420 mg) to minimize the Y1 (MHD), Y2 (PdI), Y5 (t50%) and to maximize the Y3 (%EE), Y4 (%DE) to obtain maximum desirability (Table 1). The combined desirability factor for the selected formulation was 0.905. The individual desirabilities of responses were: MHD, 0.974; PdI, 0.996; %EE, 0.620; %DE, 0.914 and t50%, 0.973, which indicated the suitability of factorial design for our study (Figure 6f).
Significance of cross diffusion and uneven heat source/sink on the variable reactive 2D Casson flowing fluid through an infinite plate with heat and Ohmic dissipation
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2023
M. Sunder Ram, N. Ashok, S.O. Salawu, MD. Shamshuddin
Non-Newtonian fluid rheology has captured the interest of numerous researchers because of its importance in the industry and technology. A nonlinear association exists between the rate of deformation and the shear stress for non-Newtonian fluids. The formulations are principally categorized as the integral, rate and differential type liquids. Casson fluid is a viscous fluid; the fluid has a shear thinning and behaves like an elastic solid when subjected to small stress. Beyond just being a viscous fluid, the fluid can be seen in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical product, coal in water, paints, synthetic lubricants and biological fluids such as synovial fluids, jelly, sewage sludge and so on. Hence, it is worth studying the fluid behavior of Casson fluid model became non-Newtonian fluid to the explorers since those of wide-ranging applications in the range of bio-medical as well as industrial engineering, energy construction, geo-physical fluid mechanics as well as dynamics. Therefore, it became pertinent to study the thermo-physical property of the fluid in order to improve its industrial performance. Casson [1] introduced the trendiest model for the flow narration forecast of suspensions pigment oil in printing ink kind and is an important class of viscous liquids. Rao et al. [2] analyzed temperature distribution in a Casson fluid stream along a vertical infinite sheet and partial slip conditions. Mustafa et al. [3] investigated transient Casson boundary film flow caused by impetuously motioning flat surface. Das et al. [4] examined heat and species reaction distribution effects on magneto-Casson flowing fluid past a flat plate. Srinivas Raju et al. [5] examined the applications of a finite element technique to construct a mathematical model for Casson liquid on a vertically inclined surface. Rajput et al. [6] mathematically evaluated the impacts of heat sink/source on a vertically dispersed viscous Casson Arrhenius kinetics fluid flow. Mahanthesh et al. [7] explored the effects of Cattaneo-Christov and heat source on two-phase flow of dusty Casson fluid near a cone, wedge and plate. Gireesha et al. [8] presented the Casson flow characteristics along an inclined porous microchannel with viscous and Joule heating. Mackolil and Mahanthesh [9] presented exact solution for the effect of the thermal radiation on a flow of nano and Casson fluids. Kumar et al. [10] examined the role of thermal radiation on a Casson fluid placed in an exponentially stretching curved sheet. Farooq et al. [11] scrutinized the non-similar analysis of Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman model on Casson fluid. A few representative recent studies involving the flow of Casson liquid have been extensively discussed in the works of Mahanthesh et al. [12], Mackolil and Mahanthesh [13], Abmalek et al. [14], Raghunath [15], Shamshuddin and Ibrahim [16], Shamshuddin et al. [17] and Hayat et al. [18].