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V-Cone Flowmeter
Published in Béla G. Lipták, Flow Measurement, 2020
The main difference between an orifice plate and a V-Cone element is that at lower Reynolds numbers—where the velocity profile is no longer flat (as in the highly Turbulent region) but starts to take on the shape of an elongated parabola, with the maximum velocity in the center of the pipe—the cone element tends to flatten the velocity profile. This is caused by the cone, which interacts with most of the flowing stream and tends to slow the flow velocity in the center while increasing it near the wall. This flow conditioning effect results in a velocity profile which is more uniform across the pipe and therefore closer to the fully developed turbulent behavior than it would be otherwise.
Volume Flow Measurements
Published in Richard J. Goldstein, Fluid Mechanics Measurements, 2017
To remove such anomalous motions from pipe flow via flow conditioning, the principles of waveguiding are widely used. Thus a wide variety of straightening tubes, baffles, and radial panels have been arranged to obstruct the swirling velocity components and (preferably with low pressure loss) reduce it to an acceptable level or eliminate it. In American metering practice, various arrangements for bundling numerous small tubes have been used [1, 2]. Efforts to produce an optimal flow conditioner (i.e., one that has maximum capability for removing anomalies and minimal pressure loss) are continuing [10, 11].
Long-term discolouration modelling for cast iron mains
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2020
An additional benefit from this work during the flow-conditioning was the ability to use flow-conditioning associated pressure changes to determine pipe roughness, critical for shear stress determination. This identified the Darcy–Weisbach pipe roughness to be around 0.01 m, significantly greater than the default value of 0.001 m used for ductile iron mains. This may also be a factor responsible for the different behaviour identified in this cast iron main compared to non-corroding mains and highlights that for water quality modelling a key requirement is an accurate hydraulic model.
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Premixed Reacting Jets in a Vitiated Crossflow
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
M. D. Sirignano, V. Nair, B. L. Emerson, J. Seitzman, T. C. Lieuwen
A schematic of the current facility is provided in Figure 3. The experimental facility consists of a main burner, to generate a high-temperature-vitiated cross flow of natural gas combustion products, a flow conditioning section, an optically accessible RJICF section, a residence time module, a quench section, and an emissions sampling system. Each of these components is described in this section.
Optimizing oxidized coal flotation using impact flow conditioning pulp
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Hainan Wang, Danlong Li, Wenqing Yang, Lijun Wang, Haijun Zhang, Xiaokang Yan
The enhancement mechanism of oxidized coal flotation using impact flow conditioning pulp was investigated by conditioning-flotation kinetic tests, SEM, XPS, contact angle, and induction time measurements. Some conclusions can be drawn as following: Compared with the flotation of oxidized coal without conditioning, the preconditioning using impact flow conditioning pulp improved the cumulative combustible recovery of oxidized coal, and it increased with the increasing impact flow velocity. Moreover, the classical first-order model fitting results showed that the impact flow conditioning pulp might give the higher values of ε∞ and k.SEM images showed that the surface of oxidized coal was rougher than that of raw coal, and numerous off-white aggregations and cracks were formed on the surface of oxidized coal. The impact flow conditioning pulp could remove the aggregations on the oxidized coal surface, while had less effect on the cracks on the sample surface.After oxidization, the relative content of carbon and C-C or C-H groups on the coal surface decreased while the relative content of oxygen and C-O as well as C = O groups increased, resulting in a higher surface hydrophilic. The impact flow conditioning pulp might remove the oxide layer on the oxidized coal surface, increasing the relative content of carbon and C-C or C-H groups.The impact flow conditioning pulp could significantly enhance the hydrophobicity and floatability of oxidized coal. The contact angle of oxidized coal was increased after impact flow conditioning and increased with the increasing impact flow velocity. In addition, the induction time decreased with the impact flow velocity increased.