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Energy Management Decision Making in the Smaller Sized Firms
Published in Liam Fahey, Energy Management in Industrial Firms, 2017
Again five (5) of the six (6) firms have established few if any procedures to monitor energy usage in a systematic manner or to conduct audits of energy usage at main end-use points. In fact one firm has only one natural gas meter which serves as the sole monitoring device for natural gas usage in the firm’s plant, office and storage area. These firms generally see little merit in breaking down their total energy usage consumed at different stages of the manufacturing process, or the amount of energy used for plant heating, office heating, plant maintenance, etc., as opposed to that used strictly in the manufacturing (fabrication) process. One independent firm’s president went so far as to suggest that it would cost more in terms of initial investment (i.e., meters, etc.) and the continued personnel time involved in collecting, appraising and apportioning energy usage per end-use, per unit of output, etc., than could be expected in any consequent energy savings.
Understanding The Utility Bill
Published in Albert Thumann, Terry Niehus, William J. Younger, Handbook of Energy Audits, 2020
Albert Thumann, Terry Niehus, William J. Younger
The most common billing unit for natural gas is the therm, which is based on heat content (1 therm = 100,000 Btu). Natural gas is measured by volume in Ccf (hundred cubic feet) or Mcf (thousand cubic feet). Once the volume is measured by the gas meter, a Btu factor is applied to determine the heat content, in therms, for the natural gas consumed. The Btu factor will vary by month as heat content of natural gas varies due to changes in atmospheric conditions and changes in chemical makeup.
Flow Rate and Volume Measurements
Published in O. Nelson Gary, Gas Mixtures, 2018
The dry gas meter is a common industrial device used to monitor the use volume of our natural gas supply. Such meters can measure flow rates of 5 to 5000 L/min at pressures up to 250 psi with an accuracy of a few percent.4,25 The specifications of dry gas meters suitable to our range of interest are summarized in Table 3.2.
Hydrogen sulfide concentrations in indoor air of thermal springs
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Roohollah Rostami, Abbas Norouzian Baghani, Sadegh Hazrati, Adel Mokammel
In the case with notable H2S concentrations, it was planned to more critically examine in order to understand the spatial variation of H2S. In this regard, the pool and surrounded areas were divided into grids of ∼1 m2 and the air samples were taken from the center of each grid (Figure 2). H2S concentrations were quantified in 25 stations located over the pool and 15 in surrounding areas (off the pool) using a portable gas meter (Honeywell 41 BW MAX XTΙΙ, Brandt Instruments, Inc. Canada) at two different heights. The samples in the pool area were taken from both 20 (breathing zone while swimming) and 70 cm (breathing zone while standing inside the water) above the water surface. Similarly, we measured H2S concentrations at both seating and standing breathing zone (i.e., at 70 and 150 cm above the ground) in pool surroundings. A total number of 80 air samples were investigated for H2S levels in this order. Measurement of H2S concentrations at each sampling location was continued for 30 min and concentrations displayed on the gas meter screen were recorded in 2 min intervals. Arithmetic average of 15 readings was reported as the H2S concentration for each location. Measuring range of this instrument was 0–1000 ppm with a precision of ±1 ppm. The gas meter was calibrated every month and before each sampling campaign.
The effect of the presence of water on sulfur removal capacity during H2S removal from syngas using ZnO adsorbent
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Cevdet Dogan, Stefan Martini, Stefan Retschitzegger, Banu Çetin
As shown in Figure 1, the experimental setup used in the study consists of a test gas generator (TGG), a quartz glass adsorption column, a column heater, a cooling setup, a gas analyzer (micro gas chromatograph (micro GC) (Agilent)), a drum-type gas meter (Ritter), an adjustable valve and pressurized gas cylinders. The gas mixtures used during the experiments were prepared in TGG which consists of mass flow controllers (Vögtlin Instruments) and a controlled evaporator and mixer (CEM) (Bronkhorst). Gas cylinders (H2S balanced with N2, N2, CO2, CO, H2) and a pressurized water reservoir (through CEM) were connected to the TGG to obtain desired gas compositions. The gases were supplied by Linde and gas impurities were as follows: H2S, 5000 mg m−3 balanced by N2, N2, 99.999% (v/v); CO2, 99.999% (v/v); CO, 99.999% (v/v); H2, 99.999% (v/v). Water vapor was fed into TGG through CEM after heating to 200°C. The gas mixture was transferred through heated Teflon pipes (200°C) to the quartz adsorption column which was heated by a controllable electrical heater. The temperature of the column was monitored by three separate thermocouples. While one of the thermocouples was placed between the heater and the column surface to set the incoming gas temperature, the other two thermocouples were located at the inlet and the outlet of the column to detect any change in the gas temperature during the experiments. The quartz column having a 0.7 cm inner diameter and 40 cm length was operated slightly above the atmospheric pressure to prevent air leaching with the aid of an adjustable valve. During the tests, the outlet and inlet gas stream concentrations were monitored continuously by using a by-pass line to deliver a relatively low amount of gas flow (about 5 N cm3 min−1) to the micro-GC. A gas cooling and condensation trap were installed to protect the measurement device when H2O including gas streams were used. The gas cooling and condensation trap consists of a series of impinger bottles (two of them are empty and the last one is filled with glass beads) with a cooling isopropanol jacket (at 1°C). The gas stream was directed to a gas meter to measure the gas flow before entering the exhaust pipe.