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Flow Resistance Equations
Published in Ahlam I. Shalaby, Fluid Mechanics for Civil and Environmental Engineers, 2018
Most flow measurement devices (flow meters) are basically velocimeters that directly measure an ideal pressure difference, which is related to the velocity by the Bernoulli equation; thus, the velocity is indirectly measured. Then, application of the continuity equation is used to determine the flowrate. Thus, many flow measurement devices used to measure the velocity and thus the flowrate for pipe and open channel flow apply the Bernoulli equation (assumes ideal flow) and are considered to be ideal flow meters. However, in real flow, the effects of viscosity, compressibility, and other real flow effects cause the actual velocity, va and thus the actual flowrate, Qa to be less than the ideal velocity and the ideal flowrate, respectively. As a result, corrections for these real flow effects are made by applying a velocity or a discharge coefficient, respectively. The discharge coefficient, Cd represents both a velocity coefficient, which accounts for head loss due to friction, and a contraction coefficient, which accounts for the contraction of the streamlines of the fluid flow (and thus the actual cross-sectional area, Aa).
Mass and Volume Flow Measurements
Published in Ethirajan Rathakrishnan, Instrumentation, Measurements, and Experiments in Fluids, 2020
The accuracy of many flow measurement devices depends on the accuracy of pressure and temperature measurements. Flow rate is expressed in both volume and mass units. Some commonly used terms in flow measurement are liter and gallon. 1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters = 0.26417 gallons1 gallon per minute (gpm) = 63.09 cm3/s
Instrument Requirements
Published in Tony Giampaolo, Compressor Handbook, 2020
The accuracy of flow measurement is especially important in applications such as gas sales. In other applications, such as in dynamic compressor anti-surge control systems and positive displacement throughput control, the main criteria for flow measurement are repeatability and sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The preferred location of a flow measuring device is in the compressor suction line as close to the inlet port as possible. A less preferable location is in the compressor discharge line as close as possible to the compressor discharge port.
Energy-efficient routing model for water pipeline monitoring based on wireless sensor networks
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2019
Manel Elleuchi, Manel Boujeleben, Mohamed Abid
As a second experience and for more precision, we use an YF-S201 Hall-Effect Water Flow Sensor. Accurate flow measurement is an essential step both in terms of qualitative and economic points of view. Flow meters have proven to be excellent devices for measuring water flow, and now it is very easy to build a water management system using the renowned water flow sensor YF-S201. This sensor sits in line with the water line and contains a pinwheel sensor to measure how much water has moved through it. An integrated magnetic Hall-Effect sensor outputs an electrical pulse with every revolution. The ‘YFS201 Hall Effect Water Flow Sensor’ comes with three wires: Red/VCC (5–24 V DC Input), Black/GND (0 V), and Yellow/OUT (Pulse Output). By counting the pulses from the output of the sensor, we can easily calculate the water flow rate (in liter/hour – l/hr) using a suitable conversion formula.
Emission test on four-stroke single-cylinder S.IENGINE by optimised convergent-type intake manifold
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
K. Raja, M. Amala Justus Selvam
Figure 4 shows the velocity variation between the existing manifold and modified convergent manifold. The inlet velocity was calculated theoretically by using air flow sensor to measure the inlet velocity of the manifold in various load conditions. By measuring the change in pressure, the flow rate can be determined, as in various flow measurement devices such as convergent metres, convergent nozzles and orifice plates.