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Test Sections for Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Measurements: Construction, Calibration, and Validation
Published in Josua P. Meyer, Michel De Paepe, The Art of Measuring in the Thermal Sciences, 2020
Marilize Everts, Josua P. Meyer
Micro Motion ELITE Coriolis mass flow meters with different capacities were used to measure the mass flow rates through the test sections. The mass flow meters were factory-calibrated to an inaccuracy of 0.05% of the full-scale value. These mass flow meters contained two measuring tubes that were forced to oscillate and produce a sine wave. The tubes vibrated in phase with each other when there was no flow. Once flow passed through the tubes, the Coriolis forces caused the tubes to twist, which resulted in a phase shift. The mass flow rate was directly proportional to the measured time difference between the waves. Therefore, the mass flow meters contained no moving parts and were very robust. Furthermore, they were also suitable for fluids with a wide range of densities and viscosities and could therefore be used not only for water, but also for a wide range of test fluids, such as propylene glycols with different concentrations. These flow meters were also very versatile and had a variety of options for the interfaces and port sizes.
Fluid-Flow Measurements
Published in Francis S. Tse, Ivan E. Morse, Measurement and Instrumentation in Engineering, 2018
Mass flowmeters are used when a product is sold by weight or when the performance of a machine is based on mass measurements, such as a liquid-fueled rocket engine. The mass flow rate of a fluid can be obtained from the product of its density and volumetric flow rate. This is an indirect method and commonly used, but the density measured at one location is not always that at the flowmeter, such as in cryogenics [60]. Mass flow rate can also be measured directly. Examples of both methods are described in this section.
Calibration Procedures and Experiments
Published in Howard E. Hesketh, Air And Waste Management, 2019
Flow values from these meters are usually given in standard volumetric flow rate, which is the volume occupied by a given mass of the assumed gas being measured at standard temperature and pressure (25°C, 760 mm Hg). Mass flow meters require calibration periodically. It is most convenient to use a primary or intermediate standard flow measuring device such as a wet test meter.
Performance evaluation of a laboratory-scale cooling system as a household refrigerator with phase change materials
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
The test setup built in a previous study (Kiran-Yildirim et al. 2021) and its schematic diagram are represented in Figure 1. The setup mainly included a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, an expansion valve, and a cabinet with an inner volume of 72 liters. The cabinet has internal dimensions of 0.435 × 0.390 x 0.425 m. A fan was integrated on the cabinet sidewall to provide the homogeneity of the cabinet air temperature. The evaporator was placed in the cabinet backside wall. Free convection heat exchangers were used as an evaporator and a condenser. The compressor was a hermetic reciprocating compressor. A data logger unit recorded the refrigerant temperatures measured by the temperature sensors, with ± 0.5% accuracy, at the inlet and outlet of the evaporator, the compressor, and the condenser. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant circulating through the system was recorded. R404A was circulated in the system as a refrigerant. The accuracy of the mass flow meter is ± 0.5-digit. Simultaneously, the thermostatic controller measured the cabinet air temperature with ± 1.0-digit accuracy. The network analyzer device recorded the power consumption with ± 1.0-digit accuracy.
Experimental Investigations on the Propagation Characteristics of Rotating Detonations Utilizing the Ethylene-Air Mixture
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Minghao Zhao, Ke Wang, Yiyuan Zhu, Qibin Zhang, Wei Fan
The supply systems are composed of one subsystem for the pre-detonation tube and the other one for the rotating detonation chamber. Oxygen and ethylene are used as oxidizer and fuel in the pre-detonation tube, respectively, while air and ethylene are employed as oxidizer and fuel in the rotating detonation chamber. The supply system comprises cutoff valves, regulators, mass flowmeters, solenoid valves, and supply pipelines. The measurement accuracy of the mass flowmeters is within 1%. Nitrogen is used to purge the residual combustible gas and combustion products inside the combustor after each operation.
Characterization of a Novel Elliptical Air-port Inverse Jet Flame
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Vishnu Hariharan, Debi Prasad Mishra
Figure 1 portrays the experimental setup (Hariharan and Mishra 2020b, Hariharan and Mishra 2019 c) used for the current study. The current IJF burner design, as shown in Figure 1, has 32 fuel ports around an elliptical central oxidizer port with an aspect ratio of 1.8. The individual air supply line feeds the air through an elliptical orifice and fuel to circumferential fuel (compressed natural gas) ports arranged around the central port. Perforated plates are used within the burner to improve the homogeneity of the flow. The uncertainties involved in mass flow meter measurements are ±1.7% of reading and ±1.2%, respectively. A high-power LED light source illuminates the primary parabolic mirror, which collimates the light rays, as portrayed in Figure 1(a). The parallel rays pass through the test flame from the primary mirror, which further incidents the secondary mirror. A knife-edge is placed at the focal point of the second parabolic mirror before imaging into the high-speed camera. The Phantom Miro110 high-speed camera is used to record with an exposure time of 2 μs at 1600 frames per second. The flame temperature is measured with the aid of an R-type thermocouple, Pt-Rh 13%(+)/Pt(-) coated with high-temperature epoxy to restrict catalytic reactions. The gas samples were collected from the inverse jet flames through a sampling probe, cooled by circulating water around the probe. The mean flame temperature at each data point is corrected for radiative heat transfer (Bradley and Entwistle 1961), with a maximum radiation loss estimated to be in the order of 7%. The emission measurements at different air-fuel operating conditions are carried out using a non-dispersive infrared based gas emission analyzer (Airson OM-100) with one ppm resolution. The accuracy of the emission levels measured by the gas analyzer is in the order of 4%.