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Coating Protection
Published in Karan Sotoodeh, Coating Application for Piping, Valves and Actuators in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, 2023
Fire is the most common major accident in process plants, as illustrated in Figure 3.17. Fire requires three elements: fuel, heat and oxygen. Fire is very hazardous in industrial plants, as it can produce live flames, sparks and hot objects that may interact with chemicals that have the potential for ignition or that can intensify the fire such that it becomes large and uncontrolled. There are five classes of fire based on types of fuel: Class A: Fuel includes ordinary combustibles like wood, paper, plastic or anything that leaves ash;Class B: Fuels include petroleum, oil, paint or flammable gasses;Class C: Fuel is the ignition of electrical components like motors;Class D: Fuel includes combustible materials like potassium, sodium, aluminum, etc.;Class K: Fuels include cooking oils and greases such as animal and vegetable fats.
Organization Safety Procedures
Published in Dhananjoy Ghosh, Safety in Petroleum Industries, 2021
The most certain method of preventing an explosion is to locate the electrical equipment outside the hazardous (classified) areas whenever possible. In situations where this is not practical, installation techniques and enclosures are available which meet the requirement of locating the electrical equipment in such areas. This method of reducing hazards is based on elimination of one or more of the elements in the fire ignition triangle.
Health, safety, security, and the environment
Published in Andrew Livesey, Motorcycle Engineering, 2021
What is fire? Fire is a chemical reaction called combustion (usually oxidation resulting in the release of heat and light). To initiate and maintain this chemical reaction, or in other words for an outbreak of fire to occur and continue, the following elements are essential:
Fight or flight? Behaviour and experiences of laypersons in the face of an incipient fire
Published in Ergonomics, 2021
Meinald T. Thielsch, Julia Kirsch, Hannah Thölking, Lena Tangelder, Christoph Lamers
When a fire breaks out, the people affected have three main options for action: They can try to extinguish the fire themselves, escape from the building or seek shelter in the building and wait for rescue by the fire brigade (Kobes et al. 2010). Initial systematic research on human behaviour in the case of fire has been done by Wood (1972), who found that the most common first reactions to a fire were as follows: (a) investigate the fire (33%), (b) warn others (20%), (c) try to extinguish the fire (13%), (d) prepare for evacuation (10%), (e) ask whether the fire brigade has been alerted (10%) and (f) call the fire brigade (6%). Attempts to extinguish the fire by oneself were more commonly a second action and were less frequent the more dangerous the fire was perceived to be. Recent surveys found that typical reactions to fire alarms were to investigate, attempt to fight a fire or leave the building (Cordeiro et al. 2011; Gerges et al. 2017), whereas in surveys on typical reactions to smoke and fire, most respondents indicated that they would leave the building, and some stated that they would investigate the fire, ask for help, try to fight the fire or collect belongings (Cordeiro et al. 2011; Gerges et al. 2017). Based on data from 1993 to 1997, Hall (2004) reported that most people killed or injured by a fire were sleeping or trying to escape; others were unable to react, performed irrational actions, or attempted a rescue or fighting the fire themselves.
The effect of artificial smoke compound on physiological responses, cognitive functions and work performance during firefighting activities in a smoke-diving room: an intervention study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Rasoul Hemmatjo, Majid Motamedzade, Mohsen Aliabadi, Omid Kalatpour, Maryam Farhadian
Exposure to smoke is one of the usual hazards for firefighters during fire suppression [9,10]. Firefighters are mostly exposed to various smoke compounds as a burning product during firefighting activities. Smoke from fires is complex and contains numerous pollutant compounds, e.g., low particulate matter (LPM), high particulate matter (HPM), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of these being carcinogenic [11–13]. Occupational exposure to smoke compounds during fire suppression can cause adverse health consequences, e.g., pulmonary injury, impaired lung function, cardiac infarction and mortality of unprotected subjects.
Application of Inorganic Solidified Foam to Control the Coexistence of Unusual Methane Emission and Spontaneous Combustion of Coal in the Luwa Coal Mine, China
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
Zhaojun Tian, Yi Lu, Shimin Liu, Shiliang Shi, He Li, Qing Ye
According to the COCT (coal-oxygen complex theory), oxygen plays a vital role in igniting spontaneous combustion. (Lu, 2017; Qi et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016) The spontaneous combustion of coal is due to the heat produced by the exothermic reaction between coal and oxygen permeating through the mining fractures. (Banka et al., 2016; Lu and Qin, 2015a) Any fire requires three elements to propagate: fuel, oxygen, and a source of heat. If any one of the three sides of the fire triangle is removed, a fire cannot continue to burn. Oxygen removal depends on either the introduction of an inert gas or the isolation of the fire zone from sources of fresh air. If the air leakage can be sealed, the fire may eventually be extinguished after a long time.