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The work and leisure environments
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Jonathan Hayes, Stuart Wiggans
Fire Spread – Fires can spread in three main ways: Convection is the most dangerous method by which a fire can spread and causes the largest number of injuries and deaths as a result of fire. Smoke is generated by combustion, and this will rise and become trapped within buildings. This smoke can become superheated and sometimes reach temperatures in excess of 1000 degrees Celsius and cause spontaneous combustion. By conduction, as some materials will conduct heat extremely well, for example metals. Fire can spread throughout a building by conduction along, for example, metal ducting between rooms.By radiation where radiant heat is transferred through the air in a similar way to an electric bar heater. This can heat combustible items and cause them to smoulder and then burn.Extinguishing fires – There are three main ways in which fires can be extinguished through removal or reduction of one of the three elements of the Fire Triangle. Therefore, by removing oxygen, the ignition source or fuel (combustible material) a fire will be extinguished.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Fire is a rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light and various products of the combustion. Certain components need to be in place for a fire to occur in the first place. These can be illustrated using the Fire Triangle. The fire triangle shows that there must be three things for fire to occur: a fuel, oxygen and heat. As time passed, research revealed that the fire triangle did not tell the whole story of combustion. It is believed that there is also a chemical chain reaction that takes place until one of the three components of fire is removed. For example, if the fuel is consumed, the fire will go out. Removing oxygen or the heat will also cause the fire to go out. This new theory of combustion is called the Fire Tetrahedron and (Figure 3.101) remains in use today.
Fire extinguishers
Published in E. Scott Dunlap, Motor Carrier Safety, 2020
This concept teaches the fire extinguisher user the elements necessary to sustain combustion. The “fire triangle” is an illustration used to demonstrate that fire requires three items for combustion to continue: (1) oxygen, (2) heat, and (3) fuel. To extinguish fire, it is necessary to remove one of the three items. Once this is accomplished, the fire is extinguished. Oxygen is removed when the fire is “smothered” (e.g., by throwing dirt on a campfire or when individuals “stop, drop, and roll” when their clothes are on fire). Heat is removed from a fire by applying water, as the fire is extinguished when the temperature has dropped below a certain level. Forest fires are often fought by removing fuel from the fire. Firefighters may move ahead of the path of the fire and create a “fire break” by cutting down trees or raking away leaves and loose wood.
Application of Inorganic Solidified Foam to Control the Coexistence of Unusual Methane Emission and Spontaneous Combustion of Coal in the Luwa Coal Mine, China
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
Zhaojun Tian, Yi Lu, Shimin Liu, Shiliang Shi, He Li, Qing Ye
According to the COCT (coal-oxygen complex theory), oxygen plays a vital role in igniting spontaneous combustion. (Lu, 2017; Qi et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016) The spontaneous combustion of coal is due to the heat produced by the exothermic reaction between coal and oxygen permeating through the mining fractures. (Banka et al., 2016; Lu and Qin, 2015a) Any fire requires three elements to propagate: fuel, oxygen, and a source of heat. If any one of the three sides of the fire triangle is removed, a fire cannot continue to burn. Oxygen removal depends on either the introduction of an inert gas or the isolation of the fire zone from sources of fresh air. If the air leakage can be sealed, the fire may eventually be extinguished after a long time.
Prediction of spontaneous coal combustion tendency using multinomial logistic regression
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Nilufer Kursunoglu, Maruf Gogebakan
A fire triangle is depicted in Figure 3, demonstrating the combustion process which needs three components, i.e., heat, fuel and oxygen. Fire does not occur if any of these components are removed. The fuel may contain gases, liquids or solids. The gases and liquids may be included in the mine atmosphere through mining processes, naturally or generated by heating solid materials [53].