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Ferroalloys Waste Production and Utilization
Published in Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, Elias Matinde, Waste Production and Utilization in the Metal Extraction Industry, 2017
Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, Elias Matinde
Manganese is used in the steel industry mostly in the form of different types of bulk manganese ferroalloys (Olsen et al., 2007; Tangstad, 2013a; Eric, 2014). In general, the different types of manganese ferroalloys are broadly categorized into (Olsen and Tangstad, 2004; Olsen et al., 2007; Tangstad, 2013a; Eric, 2014; European Commission, 2014) (1) ferromanganese alloys (FeMn), which are further subdivided into high-carbon ferromanganese alloys (HCFeMn; max. 7.5 wt.% C), medium-carbon ferromanganese alloys (MCFeMn; max. 2.5 wt.% C) and low-carbon ferromanganese alloys (LCFeMn; max. 0.75 wt.% C), (2) silicomanganese (SiMn) (3) ferrosilicomanganese (FeSiMn) alloys (max. 3.5 wt.% C), (4) metallic manganese and (5) nitrided manganese alloys (max. 0.2 wt.% C for MnN and max. 3.5 wt.% C for SiMnN). Among these, the high-carbon ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese alloys constitute the traditional form of manganese feedstock in steelmaking, with the medium- and low-carbon versions being used where the final carbon content in steel must be controlled (Tangstad, 2013a). On the other hand, the silicomanganese alloys are consumed mostly in silicon- and manganese-containing steels where the final composition of steel requires a combination of carbon, manganese, silicon and other trace elements (Tangstad, 2013a).
A Review of Ore Smelting in High Carbon Ferromanganese Production
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2020
Manganese ore smelting is used to produce high carbon ferromanganese from metallurgical-grade manganese ore (38–55% Mn). The furnace feed mixture must contain a minimum level of Mn/Fe to ensure that the tapped HCFeMn alloy is on grade as per standard specifications. For example, to produce 78%Mn HCFeMn (Table 1), the ore feed Mn/Fe ratio must be a minimum of 7.5 (Wellbeloved et al. 1990). Usually two or more ores are used as feed material to target the required Mn/Fe ratio, since ores vary in their Mn/Fe values. Ore phosphorus content is an important composition parameter in ore selection because most of the phosphorus in the feed mixture is reduced to the alloy (Olsen et al. 2007), whilst standard alloy compositions specify maximum phosphorus levels, see Table 1.
Gaseous Reduction of Manganese Ores: A Review and Theoretical Insight
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2020
Alireza Cheraghi, Hossein Yoozbashizadeh, Jafar Safarian
Over 90% of the world manganese (Mn) production is in the form of manganese ferroalloys and is consumed in the steel industry as a deoxidizer, desulphurizer, and alloying element (Schottman 1988; Olsen et al. 2007). As a result, the demand for ferroalloys of Mn has changed in relation to steel production trends. The total steel and Mn ferroalloys production in the last 10 years is shown in Figure 1. It is observed in the figure that there has been a correlation between the products, where the total Mn ferroalloys production has been about 1% of the total steel production. Different grades of Mn ferroalloys are produced based on the final steel chemical composition requirements and specifications. Mn ferroalloys can be classified into three main groups: silicomanganese (SiMn), high-carbon ferromanganese (HC-FeMn), and refined ferromanganese (medium-carbon [MC-FeMn] and low-carbon [LC-FeMn]). Various grades of Mn ferroalloys are produced commercially, and a typical composition is shown in Table 1.
Dephosphorisation of ferromanganese alloy using rare earth oxide-containing slags
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2018
Xiaojun Xi, Diqiang Luo, Xina Cai, Chaobin Lai
Ferromanganese alloy is the most consumed ferroalloy in the production of steel, and it is used extensively as a deoxidising and alloying agent [1]. Since ferromanganese is added late into the steelmaking process, the impurities it contains have a significant influence on the final cleanness of liquid steel. Blast furnace ferromanganese typically has a high content of phosphorous, i.e. 0.4–0.6 wt%, which originates from the manganese ores and cokes [2]. The detrimental effect of phosphorus on the mechanical properties of steel is well known; and it is therefore necessary to reduce its content to below 0.2 wt%. This subject has been studied in several research laboratories and universities all over the world, but no economically viable process, that could be employed in the ferromanganese industries, has still been found [2].