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Alternative fuels
Published in Jaroslav Legemza, Mária Fröhlichová, Róbert Findorák, Biomass and Carbon Fuels in Metallurgy, 2019
Jaroslav Legemza, Mária Fröhlichová, Róbert Findorák
The production of ferroalloys is based on reduction processes. The efficiency and quality of ferroalloy production in electric arc furnaces is very much dependent on the quality of the reducing agents used for this production. In practice, bituminous coal and coke are used as major carbonaceous reducers for the production of ferroalloys. Wood chips and sawdust are also used in many factories, while their main task is to increase the permeability of the charge. In addition to traditional reducers, some types of biomass are used for reduction, e.g. charcoal. However, the use of charcoal is significantly limited by its higher price in comparison with fossil fuels, and its efficient use is rather localised (e.g. in Brazil).
Overview
Published in Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, Elias Matinde, Waste Production and Utilization in the Metal Extraction Industry, 2017
Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, Elias Matinde
Ferroalloys refer to the various master alloys of iron with a high proportion of one or more other elements, such as chromium, manganese, nickel, molybdenum and silicon (Eric, 2014). With the exception of silicon which has unique industrial and commercial applications, such as photovoltaic and microelectronics applications, most of ferroalloys are consumed in the production of iron and steel products (Holappa, 2010; Gasik, 2013; Tangstad, 2013; Holappa 2013; Eric, 2014). In fact, the growth of the ferroalloys industry has largely been driven by advances in the steel industry and the growing demand for high-performance materials in various applications (Holappa, 2010).
A Review of Low Grade Manganese Ore Upgradation Processes
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2020
Veerendra Singh, Tarun Chakraborty, Sunil K Tripathy
The Mn ferroalloys are produced by smelting-reduction of manganese ores. A chosen grade raw material blend comprising Mn-ores, reductants and fluxes is heated in submerged arc furnace or blast furnace at more than 1500°C to produce the ferroalloys. As charge descends inside the furnace it gets heated and reacts with the hot gases coming from the furnace bottom. During the smelting reduction reactions, oxides of Mn, Fe, P, and Si reduce and form molten FeMn or SiMn and on the other hand, oxides of gangue minerals (Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, MgO, etc.) combine with fluxes to form the slag. The Mn: Fe ratio of the feed blend play most critical role and it is kept between 3.5 and 7 depending upon the targeted Mn content in the product (Olsen et al. 2007). The operational performance, product yield, power consumption, and coke rate of the process depend on the complex reactions taking place inside different zones in the furnace (Tathavadkar et al. 2010). A brief outline of the smelting reduction process is presented here to co-relate the ore quality and their suitability for the alloy making processes and the products. The generic chemical reactions are given below:
Gaseous Reduction of Manganese Ores: A Review and Theoretical Insight
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2020
Alireza Cheraghi, Hossein Yoozbashizadeh, Jafar Safarian
Over 90% of the world manganese (Mn) production is in the form of manganese ferroalloys and is consumed in the steel industry as a deoxidizer, desulphurizer, and alloying element (Schottman 1988; Olsen et al. 2007). As a result, the demand for ferroalloys of Mn has changed in relation to steel production trends. The total steel and Mn ferroalloys production in the last 10 years is shown in Figure 1. It is observed in the figure that there has been a correlation between the products, where the total Mn ferroalloys production has been about 1% of the total steel production. Different grades of Mn ferroalloys are produced based on the final steel chemical composition requirements and specifications. Mn ferroalloys can be classified into three main groups: silicomanganese (SiMn), high-carbon ferromanganese (HC-FeMn), and refined ferromanganese (medium-carbon [MC-FeMn] and low-carbon [LC-FeMn]). Various grades of Mn ferroalloys are produced commercially, and a typical composition is shown in Table 1.
Development of sustainable self-compacting concrete utilising silico manganese fume
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2023
Qais Gawah, Mohammed A. Al-Osta, Mohammed Maslehuddin, Mazen Anwar Abdullah, Mohammed Shameem, Salah U. Al-Dulaijan
ASTM C150 Type I Portland cement (OPC) with a specific gravity of 3.15 was used to prepare SCC mixtures. SMF with a specific gravity of 2.11 was provided by Gulf Ferroalloys Company (SABAYEK), a company specialising in the preparation of ferroalloys in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ferro alloys are critical additives in the manufacture of steel as they enhance its strength, flexibility, and quality. Limestone powder (LSP) with a specific gravity of 2.53 was collected from a local quarry to replace sand partially. Figure 1 shows the particle size distribution of SMF, LSP, and OPC. In addition, the physical properties of SMF, OPC and LSP are represented in Table 1.