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Product: Alfa-Tox
Published in Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell, First Responder’s Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents, 2018
Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION Ethyl formate is a flammable liquid. Inhalation of vapors causes slight irritation of the eyes and rapidly increasing irritation of the nose. High concentrations cause deep narcosis within a few minutes followed by death within a few hours. Contact with the liquid causes moderate irritation of the eyes and mild irritation of the skin. Ingestion causes irritation of the mouth and stomach, may cause deep narcosis and death if not treated. Vapors cause moderate irritation such that personnel will find high concentrations unpleasant. The effect is temporary. Liquid is a fairly severe skin irritant. May cause pain and second degree burns after a few minutes contact.A physician should be contacted if anyone develops any signs or symptoms and suspects that they are caused by exposure to ethyl formate.
Quantum chemical study on ·Cl-initiated degradation of ethyl vinyl ether in atmosphere
Published in Molecular Physics, 2020
Dandan Han, Haijie Cao, Fengrong Zhang, Maoxia He
Schematic potential energy surfaces for the subsequent reactions of IM13 are depicted in Figure 5. H atom could be abstracted from C3 directly or with the help of O2 molecular. Both pathways, forming ethyl chloroacetate (P1), are prone to occur because of the lower energy barriers (10.39 and 15.85 kcal mol−1). The third pathway is the cleavage of C1–C2 single bond and synchronous formation of C2 = O2 double bond. Ethyl formate (P2) and ClCH2 radical (IM14) are formed with the energy barrier of 4.23 kcal mol−1 and the reaction heat of −9.94 kcal mol−1. The fourth dissociation reaction of IM13 is the bond breaking of C2-O1 and the formation of C2 = O2, leading to the generation of 2-chloroacetaldehyde (P5) and OC2H5 radical. The energy barrier and reaction heat of this route are 21.46 and 11.72 kcal mol−1, respectively. The last process is the formation of alcohol (P7) and IM19 via the rupture of C2-O1 and the H-shift from C2 to O1 atom, with the energy barrier of 13.66 kcal mol−1 and the exothermic heat of 0.80 kcal mol−1. The subsequent pathways of IM14, IM18 and IM19 could form formyl chloride (P3), formaldehyde (P4) and acetaldehyde (P6), which have been discussed in our previous work [58,59]. Comparing the energy barriers and the reaction heats of the further reactions of IM13, we can draw a conclusion that ethyl chloroacetate (P1), ethyl formate (P2), formyl chloride (P3) and formaldehyde (P4) are the most favourable products, while 2-chloroacetaldehyde (P5), acetaldehyde (P6) and alcohol (P7) are secondary products.
Towards sustainable continuous co-production of biodiesel and ether from wet microalgae- a review
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Im et al. [6] used a batch reactor to co-produce biodiesel, fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE), ethyl levulinate (EL), ethyl formate (EF), and diethyl ether (DEE) from in situ transesterification of wet algae. A maximum of 90% FAEE and ether of 52.1% of the maximum mass of FAEE were produced. Although a batch reactor was utilized, the author showed that it is technically viable to produce diethyl ether and biodiesel simultaneously. Running such a procedure continuously will be more sustainable for a bulk product like biodiesel.
Solvent hydrolysis rate determines critical quality attributes of PLGA microspheres prepared using non-volatile green solvent
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Because of the above issues, there has been a great demand on the development of microencapsulation methods that use safer non-halogenated solvents instead of halogenated solvents. Reflecting this trend, microencapsulation processes that use ethyl acetate as a dispersed solvent have been spotlighted [8–11]. Ethyl acetate is placed into ICH class 3, and the residual limit of ICH class 3 solvents in drug products is 5,000 ppm or 0.5%. A commercial microsphere product, Risperdal Consta®, is manufactured by a solvent extraction process using ethyl acetate. Similar efforts also are being made to utilize other ICH class 3 solvents such as acetone, ethyl formate, and methylethyl ketone [12]. This study focuses on dimethyl carbonate, a non-halogenated solvent considered as a green agent. The US EPA exempted dimethyl carbonate from the restrictions placed on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 2009. Table 1 (supplementary material) summarizes physicochemical properties and representative toxicity data of methylene chloride and dimethyl carbonate. There are few studies on the preparation of PLGA microspheres using dimethyl carbonate: so far, electrohydrodynamic atomization and microfluidic-based mixing techniques have been explored elsewhere to manufacture PLGA microspheres [13,14]. However, these microspheres tend to aggregate during drying, and there are few data on their quality attributes. At present, there is no report on the production of PLGA microspheres by a bulk oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion-template technique using dimethyl carbonate. In fact, there are several reasons why dimethyl carbonate cannot be utilized in typical o/w emulsion-template solvent evaporation/extraction processes. First, the water solubility of dimethyl carbonate is 13.8% as shown in Table 1 (supplementary material). Due to its higher water solubility, there are limitations to rendering an o/w emulsion. This is because a considerable amount of dimethyl carbonate constituting a dispersed phase is immediately dissolved into the aqueous phase when emulsifying a PLGA/dimethyl carbonate dispersed phase in water. Furthermore, it is impractical to produce microspheres following the principle of solvent evaporation, since dimethyl carbonate is a non-volatile solvent (boiling point, 90.5 °C). Finally, residual dimethyl carbonate remaining in microspheres causes their aggregation during drying, which makes it difficult to reconstitute in water. Our present study aimed to develop a scalable, practical dimethyl carbonate-based emulsion microencapsulation technique that could surpass the above prevailing concepts in the field of microencapsulation. To achieve this goal, a chemical strategy has been proposed to harden emulsion droplets into microspheres (Figure 1). Our out-of-the-box approach proposed in this study is in complete contrast to existing solvent removal techniques. This new microencapsulation technique makes it possible to control solvent removal, microsphere hardening, and quality attributes of microspheres. In particular, the new technique can minimize the tendency of drug crystallization that commonly occurs in conventional microencapsulation processes. These interesting findings are reported with use of Nile red and progesterone as model drugs.