China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Water Quality and Water Pollution
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Many types of pharmaceuticals have an impact on the environment. Antihistamines that pass into waterways have been shown to disrupt biofilms, which are a crucial component of aquatic biomes. Ethinylestradiol is a hormone that is a component of certain types of birth control pills. Released into the environment, they have induced changes in fish populations damaging the reproductive capabilities of the males of some species. High concentrations of antibiotics are also present in some bodies of water, increasing the probability of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant infectious bacteria.
Decreased submaximal oxygen uptake during short duration oral contraceptive use: a randomized cross-over trial in premenopausal women
Published in Thomas Reilly, Julie Greeves, Advances in Sport, Leisure and Ergonomics, 2003
Ten female physical education students (age: 23±3 years, height: 1.67±0.05 m, body mass: 56.6±6.8 kg, sum of skinfolds: 38.6±10.9 mm) participated in the study after giving written informed consent. The experiments received the ethical approval of the Nice Committee of Human Experimentation. All participants had been using monophasic OC (constant doses of oestrogen and progestogen for 21 days) for at least 18 months before entering the study. The OC medication consisted of low-dose combined contraceptive pills, containing ethinylestradiol (0.02 – 0.03 mg day–1, 21 days month–1) associated with 0.150 mg day–1 desogestrel (4 cases), or 0.075 mg day–1 gestodene (6 cases). The cycle of OC users consisted of 21 days of OC ingestion, days 5 – 25 from the first day of menstrual bleeding, followed by 7 days of non-OC consumption. Participants were tested during three different times of OC usage: during menstruation, off OC use (off OC: days 2 – 4), early on OC use (EOC: days 7 – 9) and late on OC use (LOC: days 19 – 21). Times for testing were assigned randomly and all participants first performed a pre-study trial session to counter balance and minimize learning effects. All participants were tested three times on each occasion: in the morning (08:00 h), in the early afternoon (13:00 h) and in the late afternoon (17:00 h) and the mean value of the three measurements was retained for analyses. This procedure was used to offset inter-individual differences in chronopharmacological effects of drugs, and the differences between participants in the time of pill intake. Moreover, this procedure was used in order to eliminate a likely effect of circadian rhythm modifications of biological parameters (e.g. cortisol secretion, heart rate, blood pressure) which could be induced by OC use (Reinberg et al. 1996), and consequently might interfere with the effect of OC usage period. Participants were asked to maintain a stable level of physical activity throughout the experimental period, and were requested to avoid vigorous activity during the 24 h preceding the testing sessions. Height and body mass were measured with a medical scale (accuracy 0.1 cm) and a medical calibrated balance (accuracy 0.1 kg), respectively. Sum of skinfolds was calculated from measures taken at four different sites (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac) using a Harpenden caliper (British Indicators Ltd, Luton, UK), according to Durnin and Rahaman (1967).
Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol on the neuroendocrine gonadotropic system and behavior of European sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
S Soloperto, S Olivier, A Poret, C Minier, MP Halm-Lemeille, C Jozet-Alves, S Aroua
Xenoestrogens (XEs) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that mimic the actions of endogenous estrogens by binding or exerting influence on estrogenic receptors (Wojnarowski et al. 2022; Yoon et al. 2014). Several natural and synthetic chemicals belong to this group such as phytoestrogens, drugs, pesticides, and industrial by-products and their presence in aquatic environments are ubiquitous (Anderson, Marteinson, and Prosser 2021; Cervantes-Camacho et al. 2020; Grote et al. 2022; Minski et al. 2021; Rearick et al. 2014; Ribeiro, Ribeiro, and Tiritan 2016; Zhang et al. 2016). 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic estrogen widely used in contraceptive pills, which is frequently used as a model chemical to study estrogenic disruption in toxicological studies (Almeida et al. 2020; Martyniuk et al. 2020). EE2 environmental levels are highly uneven, ranging from undetectable levels to 24 ng/L in Jiaozhou Bay (China) (Zhou et al. 2011), 34 ng/L in Venice lagoon (Italy) (Pojana et al. 2007), and up to 1250 ng/L in French surface waters (INERIS Report 2020).
Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) residue and its potential application in the bioremediation of 17-Α-ethinylestradiol as a Pycnoporus sanguineus laccase inducer
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Jhéssica C. S. Golveia, Mariângela F. Santiago, Paulo T. F. Sales, Adilson Sartoratto, Alexandre N. Ponezi, Douglas V. Thomaz, Eric de Souza Gil, Maria Teresa F. Bara
Endocrine disrupting chemicals, particularly estrogens, have received attention over the past decades due to their environmental impacts. Amongst them is 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen and one of the most common active ingredients in contraceptive pills and hormone replacement therapies in menopausal women.[1] Due to its widespread use in therapeutics and high stability, this compound has been largely introduced into the environment through incomplete wastewater treatment.[2] Due to the low aqueous solubility and rigid structural core, the biodegradation of EE2 is difficult. This fact, combined to the high potency of this specify pharmacological class, turns this micro pollutant a major ecological challenge.[3]
A comparative study of persulfate activation by iron-modified diatomite and traditional processes for the treatment of 17α-ethinylestradiol in water
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Celyna K. O. Silva-Rackov, Silvia S. O. Silva, Alessandra R. Souza, Leandro G. Aguiar, Dannielle J. Silva, Marilda M. G. R. Vianna, Claudio A. O. Nascimento, Osvaldo Chiavone-Filho
Endocrine disrupters became the focus of public attention since oral contraceptives were reported to have detrimental effects on fish populations [7,8]. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) lists about 87,000 substances with potential to disrupt the endocrine system [9]. Alkylphenols, pesticides, phthalates, and polychlorinated biphenyls appear on the list as priority contaminants, whereas bisphenol A, pharmaceutical drugs, natural estrogens, and phytoestrogens are referred to as emerging pollutants. 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen commonly used in oral contraceptives, is particularly worrisome, as it has been detected in inland waterways worldwide [10].