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Innovation and Challenges in the Development of Functional and Medicinal Beverages
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Natural Products Pharmacology and Phytochemicals for Health Care, 2021
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Zanariah Hashim, Yanti Maslina Mohd Jusoh, Eraricar Salleh
Vitamin D is abundant consists of dairy foods and beverages. It presents in nature in several forms, which are Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3. The dietary vitamin D occurs predominantly in animal products with a very small amount gained from plant sources. Vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol is produced by the ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol. This vitamin is widely distributed in plants and fungi. Vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol, is derived from ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and can be found in the skin of animals, including humans. Human requirements for this vitamin are obtained both from the endogenous production in the skin and from dietary sources [127]. Vitamin D is essential for the formation of teeth and bones. It helps the body to absorb and use calcium in an effective manner [33].
Nanotherapeutics: Enabling Vitamin D3 as a Multifaceted Nutraceutical
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Krantisagar S. More, Vinod S. Ipar, Amit S. Lokhande, Anisha A. D’souza, Padma V. Devarajan
Vitamin D was discovered in the mid-1600s, and deficiency of the vitamin is associated with rickets (Rajakumar and Holick, 2012; Deluca, 2014; O’Riordan and Bijvoet, 2014). In the mid-1800s, it was observed that urban children were more susceptible to rickets than rural children (Wagner et al., 2008). The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 was awarded to Windaus and colleagues, who separated the precursors of vitamin D3, 7-dehydrocholesterol from animal skin, which when exposed to sunlight gets converted to vitamin D. Hence, even today, the vitamin is known as the sunbeam vitamin. Vitamin D is the general name assigned to a group of natural fat soluble sterol-like constituents. It includes vitamin D2 (i.e., ergocalciferol) derived from plant source and vitamin D3 (i.e., cholecalciferol) derived from animal source. It is responsible for improving the intestinal absorption of inorganic ions such as calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium, and phosphate (Hartiti et al., 1995; Pointillart et al., 1995; Marks et al., 2006). Among the vitamin D family, vitamin D3 is the most potent form of vitamin D (Castor, 2016). The family of vitamin D consists of different, chemically distinct types, including D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, as listed in Table 11.1.
Vitamins and Nutrition
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The chemical structure of vitamin D was determined by collaboration between Hess, Rosenheim, and Adolph Windhaus. Windhaus and Heinrich Wieland were leading the efforts to determine the structure of steroids. When it was discovered that irradiation of certain steroids, including cholesterol, resulted in the development of anti-rickets activity, the connection between vitamin D and the steroids was recognized. It was eventually found that the actual vitamin D precursors were 7-dehydrocholesterol and 7-dehydroergosterol, which were present as minor impurities in the steroids. These substances are converted to cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol by UV light. Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol then undergo further metabolic activation by oxidation, first at C-25 and then at C-1 to be converted to the biologically active calcitriol. The hydroxylations occur mainly in the kidney, but also in the skin. The 1,25-dihydroxy compound is a transcription factor that regulates genes that are involved in maintaining the calcium level. Vitamin D also appears to have a function in the immune system, where it controls the level of a natural peptide antibiotic, cathelicidin. This could explain the efficacy of rest and sunshine as a treatment for tuberculosis (see Section 12.2). Also intriguing is a correlation between vitamin D levels and the occurrence of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Physicochemical studies of sunflower oil based vitamin D nanoemulsions
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Santhi Priya Inapurapu, Raghu Pullakhandam, Sreedhar Bodiga, Puneeta Singh Yaduvanshi, Vijaya Lakshmi Bodiga
VD3 was resolved using a Luna 5-µm C18 RP-HPLC Column (250 × 4.6 mm) attached to a Thermo HPLC system. Mobile phase consisted of 98% methanol, and 2% water containing 1% phosphoric acid with a flow rate of 1 mL.min−1 and the detector was set at 265 nm. VD3 was found to elute with a retention time of 15 min. A standard curve was constructed by plotting the measured area of VD3 peak versus concentration over a range of 100-900 ng.mL−1 (r2= 0.990). The calibration curve was used to calculate the unknown concentration of VD3 present in the nanoemulsions. Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) was used as an internal standard to calculate the percentage of VD3 recovery from the samples. Standards and samples were processed according to published literature.[33]