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The Visual Environment: Measurement and Design
Published in R. S. Bridger, Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2017
Light is known to have biochemical and behavioral effects on humans in addition to “driving” vision. Vitamin D is produced in the skin by the action of UV (B) radiation at 280–315 nm. Vitamin D is required for normal calcium metabolism in humans. Unlike other vitamins, it is synthesized in the human body and is absent from all natural foods except egg yolks and fish. It is formed by the action of sunlight on the skin. People who live beyond 37° latitude (North or South of the equator) are at risk of vitamin D deficiency at all times of the year except the summer months. White-skinned people can obtain sufficient daily vitamin D following exposure of the hands and face to the sun for approximately 15–20 min/day. Vitamin D is stored in fatty tissue and stores can last for months. However, people with dark skin, who rarely go outdoors in the summer or at midday and people who cover their hands and faces (with clothing or sunscreens) when they go outdoors are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. People living in temperate latitudes exhibit seasonal variation in intestinal calcium absorption with the lowest levels occurring in winter. This was one of the reasons for the fortification of dairy products with vitamin D, which was introduced to reduce the incidence of vitamin D deficiency bone disease (“rickets”) in children.
Light and Effect
Published in Matt Fajkus, Dason Whitsett, Architectural Science and the Sun, 2018
Daylit spaces have been shown to increase user comfort while also helping to stabilize circadian rhythms, increasing sleep duration and quality, and conversely increasing work productivity. In addition to revenue increases for the workplace and reduced energy costs, daylight is more broadly important for human health. Daylight is important for improved metabolism and mood levels, all of which can have a compounding effect on wellbeing. These elements rarely enter the architectural discourse at the academic and professional levels, as design critiques are typically based more exclusively on proof of concept, programmatic functionalism, and formal aesthetics. However, it has been long established that vitamin D is critical to overall health, even if it is not routinely acknowledged in architectural and engineering design processes. Boubekri notes that the sun provides us with vitamin D, through the process of photosynthesis on our skin, and that although we can get vitamin D from other sources, these amounts are small when compared to the amount we get through photosynthesis. Vitamin D deficiency is related to a number of health concerns, including depression, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.5 Beyond these conditions and hormonal issues related to a lack of sunlight, it is also problematic to not have access to windows, which can lead to stress, especially in the workplace, where employees might have limited access to windows for a number of hours at a time. Studies have shown a correlation between stress caused by lack of windows and job burnout.6
Nanotherapeutics: Enabling Vitamin D3 as a Multifaceted Nutraceutical
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Krantisagar S. More, Vinod S. Ipar, Amit S. Lokhande, Anisha A. D’souza, Padma V. Devarajan
Vitamin D deficiency leads to inequity in calcium and phosphorous homeostasis with increased PTH secretion, resulting in increased bone loss and osteoporosis, as shown in Figure 11.1 (Sahota, 2000). The bone loss in patients with vitamin D deficiency is mainly due to secondary hyperparathyroidism and is for a large part irreversible (Tsai et al., 1984; Lips and van Schoor, 2011).
Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks on serum levels of anabolic hormones, anaerobic power, and aerobic performance in active male subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi, Majid Mohammadshahi, Aliakbar Alizadeh, Kambiz Ahmadi Angali, Alireza Jahanshahi
Vitamin D is known as a secosteroid hormone involved in the different physiological systems beyond bone health (Verstuyf, Carmeliet, Bouillon, & Mathieu, 2010). The receptor of vitamin D (VDR) has been detected in various organs such as liver, fat, muscles, kidneys, heart, brain, intestine, skin, and pancreas (Bikle, 2009). Thus, not surprisingly, vitamin D may regulate the function of the immune system, endocrine system, apoptosis, fibrinolysis, cell differentiation, and proliferation (Stachowicz & Lebiedzińska, 2016). Vitamin D deficiency was associated with various adverse effects such as cancer, depression, cardiovascular events, and many other diseases (Verstuyf et al., 2010). According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) concentration below 30 and 50 nmol/L could be considered as vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, respectively (Ross et al., 2011).
Bone health among indoor female athletes and associated factors; a cross-sectional study
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2020
Bostjan Jakse, Damir Sekulic, Barbara Jakse, Ivan Cuk, Dorica Sajber
Vitamin D is essential for bone health since adequate vitamin D status in the body helps with the absorption of calcium, and insufficient intake results not only in the classical deficiency diseases of rickets and osteomalacia but also in increased bone metabolism and enhanced fracture risk (Laird, Ward, McSorley, Strain, & Wallace, 2010; Malczewska-Lenczowska et al., 2018). It is also important to note that vitamin D deficiency is associated with musculoskeletal pain and muscle weakness (Quadri et al., 2016). For athletes in particular, such a deficiency may impair their training and performance, prolong recovery and increase the risk of injury (Ogan & Pritchett, 2013; Quadri et al., 2016). A recent meta-analysis including 23 studies with 2013 athletes from all around the world found that 56% of athletes had vitamin D inadequacy (Farrokhyar et al., 2015).
A Taguchi approach production of spray-dried whey powder enriched with nanoencapsulated vitamin D3
Published in Drying Technology, 2019
Seid Mahdi Jafari, Sareh Masoudi, Akbar Bahrami
Vitamin D, a naturally occurring liposoluble vitamin,[29] can be obtained through food or by synthesis in the skin after UV light exposure.[30] Increasing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus concentrations within a narrow physiological range is one of the most important biological functions of vitamin D.[31,32] Its deficiency affects estimably one billion people in all age groups worldwide and is recognized as a global health problem, due to inadequate nutritional uptake and a lack of sun exposure.[33] Two main chemical forms of vitamin D are D2 (ergocholecalciferol) and D3. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with several chronic and acute diseases, e.g., cancer, heart disease, immune diseases auto, osteoporosis, hypertension, and depression.[30,33] Enrichment of foods with vitamin D has the main role to produce healthy foods in terms of public health. Using of pure vitamin D has some main restriction such as oxidative destruction, which can be overcome by encapsulated vitamin D3. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to encapsulate vitamin D3 by nanoliposome carriers and its application in enrichment of whey powder produced through spray drying. MD, GA, MS, and WPC were chosen as drying-aid agents to produce whey powders. To achieve optimal powders, the effect of inlet air temperature of spray dryer and the potential of WPC, MS, GA, and MD as carrier agents on the physicochemical properties of spray-dried powders enriched with vitamin D3 was investigated.