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Composition of Proprietary Products Approved in the United States
Published in Sarfaraz K. Niazi, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition, 2019
Premarin® (conjugated estrogens tablets, USP) for oral administration contains a mixture of conjugated estrogens obtained exclusively from natural sources, occurring as the sodium salts of water-soluble estrogen sulfates blended to represent the average composition of material derived from pregnant mares’ urine. It is a mixture of sodium estrone sulfate and sodium equilin sulfate. It contains as concomitant components, as sodium sulfate conjugates, 17α-dihydroequilenin, 17α-estradiol, and 17β-dihydroequilenin. Tablets for oral administration are available in 0.3 mg, 0.45 mg, 0.625 mg, 0.9 mg, and 1.25 mg strengths of conjugated estrogens. Premarin 0.3, 0.45, 0.625, 0.9, and 1.25 mg tablets also contain the following inactive ingredients: calcium phosphate tribasic, hydroxypropyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, sucrose, and titanium dioxide. The 0.3 mg tablets also contain D&C Yellow No. 10 and FD&C Blue No. 2. The 0.45 mg tablets also contain FD&C Blue No. 2. The 0.625 mg tablets also contain FD&C Blue No. 2 and FD&C Red No. 40. The 0.9 mg tablets also contain D&C Red No. 30 and D&C Red No. 7. The 1.25 mg tablets also contain black iron oxide, D&C Yellow No. 10, and FD&C Yellow No. 6.
Wastewater Treatment
Published in Suresh C. Ameta, Rakshit Ameta, Garima Ameta, Sonochemistry, 2018
Arpita Pandey, Arpita Paliwal, Rakshit Ameta
The degradation of seven estrogen hormones (17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, 17α-dihydroequilin, estrone and equilin) was carried out using US (Andaluri et al., 2012). They used artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a tool to identify the correlations between process parameters. ANN enabled the establishment of relationship between sonication parameters such as power density, power intensity, US amplitude, as well as the reactor design parameters. The antiepileptic drug “carbamazepine (CBZ)” is one of the most abundant pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. The degradation of CBZ was also carried out using US (Braeutigam et al., 2012).
Genotoxicity of quinone: An insight on DNA adducts and its LC-MS-based detection
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Yue Xiong, Han Yeong Kaw, Lizhong Zhu, Wei Wang
Estrogens are important female hormones that promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the maturation of sexual organs. However, excessive exposure to estrogens either in abnormal menstrual period or drug therapy can increase the risk of cancer in hormone-sensitive tissues, including breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers (Bolton & Thatcher, 2008). Estrogens can be categorized into endogenous estrogens such as estrone (E1) and 17-β estradiol (E2), and exogenous estrogens like equilin and equilenin that exhibit similar properties to endogenous estrogens, which are common components of a hormone replacement therapy medication named Premarin. E1, E2 and equilenin shared identical metabolic pathway. Generally, they were oxidized to catechol estrogens (3,4-OHE1/E2, 2,3-OHE1/E2, 3,4-OHEH) by cytochromes P450, then underwent further oxidation to corresponding estrogen o-quinones under the functions of Cu+, Fe2+ ions, oxidative enzymes or molecular oxygen (Figure S1) (Stack, 2015). Imbalanced metabolism of estrogen yielded excessive catechol estrogen quinones with high eletrophilicity and redox-activity, thus increasing the formation of estrogen-DNA adducts and eventually cause DNA damage (Penning, 2017).