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Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects, 2019
Aldrin (Figure 1d), dieldrin (Figure 1e), chlordane (Figure 1f), lindane (Figure 1g), and endrin belong to a group of related pesticides termed cyclodienes. They have been used most extensively in agriculture, although chlordane was adapted after 1940 as a pesticide to control termites, ants, and other insects in domestic areas as well as to control agricultural pests.4 While cyclodiene pesticides proved to be effective agents in the control of insects, they retained the dubious distinction of being very toxic to aquatic organisms, particularly fish. Of all the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, endrin is the most toxic. In addition to these substances, lindane (Figure 1k), toxaphene (Figure 1h), hexachlorobenzene (Figure 1i), and mirex (Figure 1k) have served as insecticides or fungicides, and have secondarily impacted estuarine organisms.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Aldrin (octalene): Aldrin (Figure 7.3) is a chlorinated naphthalene derivative that has been used as an insecticide since 1950. It is related to dieldrin and endrin and has been banned in some countries due to its persistence in the environment and potential for chronic toxicity. Aldrin is metabolized to dieldrin, which is its epoxide form. Aldrin is slowly eliminated from the body, as unknown hydrophilic metabolites in feces and a little in urine. Aldrin produces CNS stimulation with excitation characterized by nausea, dizziness, headaches, involuntary movements, convulsions, and loss of consciousness.
Endrin
Published in Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray, Handbook of Environmental FATE and EXPOSURE DATA, 2017
Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray
Summary: Endrin has been used as an insecticide on cotton (its major use) and grains, and as an avicide, and rodenticide. The amount of endrin used annually in the U.S. prior to 1983 was estimated in 1985 to be 13,780 pounds. At present, however, endrin is apparently of little commercial interest; presumably this is due to cancellation or severe restriction of its use in the US. Endrin generally is very persistent in the environment, but it is known to photodegrade to δ-ketoendrin (half-life 7 days - June). If endrin is released to soil, it will be expected to persist for extremely long periods of time (up to 14 yr or more). biodegradation may be enhanced somewhat in flooded soils or under anaerobic conditions. Endrin will be expected to strongly adsorb to soil and to be immobile in soil, based upon an estimated Koc; however, the detection of endrin in certain ground water samples suggest that leaching may be possible in some soils under certain conditions. Small amounts may volatilize from soil or be carried by dust particles into the air. Runoff from rain or irrigation of particle-associated endrin will carry particle-associated endrin to water systems. If endrin is released to water, it will not hydrolyze or biodegrade. It will be subject to photoisomerization to ketoendrin based upon experiments on solid endrin. Endrin will extensively sorb to sediment and will significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. The half-life for volatilization from a model river 1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec with a wind speed of 3 m/sec was estimated to be 9.6 days. A half-life of greater than 14 years for volatilization from a model pond can be estimated using a three-compartment EXAMS model which considers the effect of adsorption. If endrin is released to the atmosphere, it will be expected to be mainly associated with particulate matter but small amounts may exist in the vapor phase, based upon its low vapor pressure and high Koc. Little is known about the fate of endrin in the atmosphere. It will likely be subject to photoisomerization to ketoendrin, based upon experiments on solid endrin. A half-life of 1.45 hr has been predicted for reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Monitoring data demonstrates that endrin continues to be a contaminant in air, water, sediment, soil, fish, and other aquatic organisms. Human exposure appears to come mostly from food or occupational exposure.
The effects of the use of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in agriculture and households on water and sediment pollution in the Cikeruh River, Indonesia
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2022
Katharina Oginawati, Anindyta Nursilmi Kahfa, Septian Hadi Susetyo
The profile shows that the highest concentration of lindane was detected in Point 9, which received input from the Cipanjalu River. The area around the tributary was the rice field and empty land. Besides, lindane was detected in Point 5, located in the middle of a settlement and not an agricultural area. It could be caused by the use of lindane, which was limited to the farming sector and used to eradicate ticks and mites in humans and animals (Leong et al., 2007). Endrine was detected in Point 5, Point 8, and Point 9 with levels of 1.352 ppb, 1.915 ppb, and 1.101 ppb. Endrine is commonly used as an insecticide in crops such as cotton, rice, sugar cane, corn and other grain crops (Lozowicka et al., 2014). Because of its hydrophobic nature and affinity for organic matter, farmers also used endrin as a rodenticide to control mice. Endrin concentrations in the three samples were not much different. Points 5 and 9 were located in residential areas, while point 8 was close to rice fields. The presence of endrin residues indicated that endrin was used as insecticides and rodenticides in rice fields and settlements.