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Ethanol Blends: E10 and E-Diesel
Published in Shelley Minteer, Alcoholic Fuels, 2016
Since the 1980s, there has been increased interest in low concentration blending of ethanol with diesel fuel. Ethanol/diesel blends are commonly referred to as E-diesel. They generally contain from 10% to 15% ethanol and are used for many of the same reasons that ethanol/gasoline blends are used (decreased petroleum need and decreased emissions). Ethanol and diesel blending is more complicated than ethanol/gasoline blending, because of the low solubility of ethanol in diesel at low temperatures and the high flammability. At temperatures below 10°C, ethanol and diesel will separate [39]. The solution is either to add an emulsifier or a cosolvent. Boruff et al. has shown that approximately 2% surfactant (emulsifier) is needed for every 5% of ethanol added to diesel fuel (40). The addition of the surfactant to the ethanol/diesel blend led to transparent solutions with no visible separation down to −15.5°C (40). Ethyl acetate has been studied as a co-solvent. Researchers have shown that adding 2.5% ethyl acetate for every 5% ethanol will ensure no separation down to 0°C (41). Cosolvents have been more popular than surfactants. The second issue with e-diesel is the increased risk of fire and explosions compared to plain diesel fuel. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory recommends solving this problem by equipping all fuel tanks with vents, better electrical grounding, and employing safer fuel tank level detectors (42). The physical properties of E-diesel compared to ethanol and diesel are shown in Table 7.5.
Ethanol
Published in Arumugam S. Ramadhas, Alternative Fuels for Transportation, 2016
Alan C. Hansen, Carroll E. Goering, Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas
Adapting ethanol for combustion in a CI engine necessitates modifying its properties with the aid of additives, some of which have been mentioned earlier. Also it is necessary to overcome the immiscibility of ethanol in diesel fuel using suitable additives. E-diesel fuel refers to blends of ethanol with diesel fuel, which typically contain an additive to ensure diesel-like combustion and lubricity, as well as providing a stable blend. Commercial additives have been developed that allow anhydrous ethanol to be splash-blended with diesel fuel (Hansen, Zhang, and Lyne 2005). The amount of additive required varies in proportion to the percentage of ethanol in the blend.
Powered two-wheelers for sustainable mobility: A review of consumer adoption of electric motorcycles
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2020
Commercial biofuel production involves the photosynthetic capture of solar energy and its conversion to reduced carbon. This process has a low efficiency, which is an obstacle to scaling. So-called electrofuels can utilize non-photosynthetic organisms to convert electricity to energy-dense, infrastructure-compatible liquid fuels. This could offer better conversion efficiency and reduce the need for arable land and water, compared with biofuel production (Conrado et al., 2013). With the exception of hydrogen, most electrofuels such as e-methanol, e-diesel, and e-petroleum rely on the existing storage and distribution infrastructure and only require minor modification to existing internal combustion engines.
Long-term transport decarbonization pathways in the European Union: a strategic energy-economy analysis
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2022
Pelopidas Siskos, Ioannis Tsiropoulos, Panagiotis Karkatsoulis, Pantelis Capros
The “E-fuel contribution” scenario will continue to use ICE vehicles for the transportation of people and goods, as these vehicles will be able to run on e-fuels and to a lesser extent on biofuels. The transportation of goods by road will continue to depend on compression ignition engines running on e-diesel, without the need to depend on the technologically immature hydrogen fuel cell trucks or pantograph trucks. As such, there will be no extensive development of hydrogen refueling infrastructure for heavy vehicles or the lay-out of overhead contact lines on the motorways (for catenary trucks).