China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Surface Acidity and Catalytic Activity
Published in Benny K.G. Theng, Clay Mineral Catalysis of Organic Reactions, 2018
In this context, we might mention the interesting observation by Barlow et al. (1993) on the benzylation of anisole in the presence of clayzic (ZnCl2-impregnated K10 montmorillonite). Below 40°C the reaction was catalyzed by Brønsted acids, whereas above this temperature both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites were apparently involved in the transformation. Another example of a combined Brønsted and Lewis acid catalyzed reaction is the chlorination by carbon tetrachloride of adamantane to 1-adamantyl chloride in the presence of K10 or Fe(NO3)3-doped K10 montmorillonite (Laszlo 1986). Similarly, Clark et al. (1989) and Cornélis et al. (1990) reported that the activity of K10 montmorillonite in catalyzing the Friedel–Crafts reaction of benzene with benzyl chloride to form diphenylmethane could be dramatically enhanced by prior impregnation of the clay sample with ZnCl2. Sukumar et al. (1998) have observed similarly for Zn(II)- and Fe(III)-impregnated kaolinite and metakaolinite. The use of clayzic and other K10 montmorillonite-supported reagents (Balogh and Laszlo 1993; Brown 1994; Clark et al. 1994; Clark and Macquarrie 1996) as catalysts of various organic reactions and transformations is described in Chapter 4.
Polymer Properties
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Polymer Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1 Mh/g mol-1 242000 242000 242000 242000 242000 242000 28000 28000 28000 242000 28000 242000 242000 242000 28000 242000 242000 28000 28000 242000 242000 28000 28000 242000 242000 242000 242000 242000 Solvent 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane Diphenyl Diphenyl ether Diphenylmethane 3-Ethylpentane 4-Ethylphenol Heptane Hexane 2-Methylbutane 3-Methylbutyl benzyl ether Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 4-Methylphenol 2-Methyl-1-propanol Nonane Octane 4-Octylphenol 4-Isooctylphenol Pentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Hexane Water Benzene Butanedioic acid dimethyl ester 1-Butanol 2-Butanone Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Butyl stearate 1-Chlorododecane 1-Chlorohexadecane 1-Chlorooctadecane 1-Chlorotetradecane Cyclodecane Cycloheptane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclooctane Cyclopentane transDecahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Decanol Decyl acetate Diethyl ether Diethyl malonate Diethyl oxalate Dimethoxymethane 1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl malonate Dimethyl oxalate Dodecadeuterocyclohexane UCST/K LCST/K 441 465 553 489 513 481
Organic Synthesis
Published in Suresh C. Ameta, Rakshit Ameta, Garima Ameta, Sonochemistry, 2018
Chetna Ameta, Arpit Kumar Pathak, P. B. Punjabi
This reaction afforded diphenylmethane products via a Friedel-Crafts reaction between the bromo compound and the solvent, catalysed by Lewis acid sites on the surface of the solid phase reagent under stirring alone. On the contrary, sonication of the same reaction produced only the substitution product, that is, benzyl cyanide. It may be due to cavitations, which produce a structural change to the catalytic sites of the solid support, may be through masking them via cavitationally induced cyanide absorption. When nitric acid reacts with alcohol under ultrasound, the product obtained is acid. This reaction proceeds through radical cation. On the other hand, the product is nitrate ester under silent conditions.
Dye degradation potential of Acinetobacter baumannii strain VITVB against commercial azo dyes
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2021
Veena Sreedharan, Purbasha Saha, Kokati Venkata Bhaskara Rao
GC–MS analysis was performed to identify the metabolites produced during the biodegradation process to assess the practical applicability of the process. The chromatograms for the biodegradation of RB-221 and RB-5 has been presented in Figure 7. Both the chromatograms had several peaks and patterns of fragmentation with m/z values indicated the chemical structure of the probable compounds. For DRB-221 the major intermediate found was Diphenylmethane (m/z 168; Rf value 15.63) by the VITVB system (Figure 7a) whereas, for DRB-5 Benzene,1,1′-Pentylidenebis (m/z 224; Rf value 15.79), Acetamide, N-(4-Cyanomethylphenyl)-2,2-Diphenyl (m/z 326), P-Phenylhydrocinnamonitrile (m/z 207) and Benzene, 1,1′-Tetradecylidenebis (m/z 350) were found to be the probable metabolites produced by the VITVB system (Figure 7b). Previous studies have also utilized GC–MS analysis to predict the end products of dye degradation (Bansal and Sud 2012; Sinha et al. 2018; Ajaz et al. 2019).
New binuclear dithiocarbamate complexes [M2-µ2-bis-{(κ2S,S-S2CN(R)CH2CONHC6H4)2CH2}] (M=NiII, CuII, and ZnII): synthesis, characterization, DFT, and in vitro cytotoxic study
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Vinay K. Singh, Vineeta Pillai, Prakash Gohil, Shailykumari K. Patel, Lipi Buch
A careful literature search reveals the cytotoxic effects of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane on hepatocarcinogenesis in male F344 rats. The report clearly suggests the reduction in liver tumor incidence post-administration of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane [31]. An intraperitoneal injection of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane into mice reaches its peak blood concentration in 10 min with the elimination half-life of 3.2 h [32]. Tanaka et al. reported that the oral administration of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane to mice was in doses of 50 mg kg−1, the N-acetyl/N,N'-diacetyl derivatives were eliminated through urine within 72 h [33]. A structural combination of diaminodiphenyl-methane along with hydrophobic substituents on the nitrogen atoms in GN8 derivatives is responsible for the antiprion activity in TSE-infected cells [34]. These reports along with the suitability of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane for the appropriate derivatization have encouraged us to select 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane as a lead compound (L) for further study. Thus, as part of our on-going research [35–39] and aiming toward better hepatocytotoxic potential of L, it was pertinent to derivatize L into a number of organic diamines viz. 4,4’-bis(2-(cyclohexylamino)acetamido)diphenylmethane (L1), 4,4’-bis(2-(isopropylamino)acetamido)di-phenylmethane (L2), 4,4’-bis(2-(n-butylamino)acetamido)diphenyl methane (L3), and their ensuing binuclear macrocyclic dithiocarbamate complexes [M2-µ2-bis-{(κ2S,S-S2CN(R)CH2CONHC6H4)2CH2}]. HepG2 cell line was selected for evaluation because liver is a major site of synthesis and metabolism of major biomolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates. It shows the ability to metabolize, detoxify, and inactivate exogenous compounds such as drugs and other exogenous and also endogenous compounds like steroids.