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Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances
Published in Takashiro Akitsu, Environmental Science, 2018
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds include polyvinyl chloride dibenzopalladioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). These have a common structure of two substituted groups on chlorinated benzene ring, indicating a similar toxicity. Dioxins are generated as a byproduct of synthesis and are not intended for the incomplete combustion of substances containing chlorine and chemicals. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) has the highest toxicity among dioxins, which is carcinogenic to people as evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It has also been found to be teratogenic in animal studies on mice and rats.
From Infections to Anthropogenic Inflicted Pathologies: Involvement of Immune Balance
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Florence Lee, David A Lawrence
Escalated production of organic chemicals occurred after World War II; thousands of chemicals were popularized by their chemical stability and were used for numerous industrial and commercial applications (Schecter and Gasiewicz 2003). It was not until later on that it was found that many chemicals that were synthesized were associated with detrimental health effects to humans and with negative impacts on the environment (Figure 4). Persistent organic pollutants (POP), organophosphates (OP), dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are a few groups of chemicals and organic compounds that have been identified as both harmful to the environment and health of organisms, being linked to cancer (Belpomme et al. 2007), neurotoxic and developmental damage (Rogan et al. 2017), autoimmune disease (Miller et al. 2012), and impacting the microbiome (Dietert and Silbergeld 2015).