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Solid and Hazardous Waste
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
Incineration accounts for less than two percent of the hazardous wastes managed although it offers the advantages of (1) completely destroying many forms of hazardous waste, (2) reducing the volume of waste, (3) and recapturing energy in the form of steam or electricity. Thermal treatment may include incineration or pyrolysis. Pyrolysis combusts materials in an oxygen-starved atmosphere and is not as widely used as incineration, which is conducted in an oxygen-rich environment. Incineration is normally conducted at temperatures of 425°C to 1650°C (800°F–3000°F) in a turbulent atmosphere of sufficient duration that will ensure good mixing and effective destruction of the waste approaching levels of the USEPA current standard of 99.99 percent.36,37 Incinerators have been used successfully to treat waste paints, plastics, mineral oils, pesticides, solvents, sludge, resins, greases, and waxes. The threat of hazardous emissions, including acids, dioxin, and heavy metals, have led to strict regulations on emissions from incinerator facilities.38 The materials generated in an incinerator include carbon dioxide, water, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides, acid gases such as hydrogen chloride, and ash. Gas streams must be monitored, and hazardous materials must be removed from the emissions by various scrubbers, filters, and electrostatic precipitators. This has prompted very high construction and maintenance costs but has become a useful alternative as the options for land disposal continue to decrease.
P
Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[biomedical, chemical, mechanics] Polymer chemical that has a wide range of applications, made by polymerization of vinyl chloride. PVC is a plastic that is a solid under normal conditions. PVC forms the basis for products such as pipes, vinyl siding, blood bags, drink bottles, heart bypass tubing, etc. It is the third most popular polymer after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC poses significant health risks, primarily when exposed to incineration fumes and in dust form, specifically due to the high chlorine content. Chemicals known as dioxins are released during the manufacturing, or incineration of PVC. Dioxins exposure can lead to problems in reproductive, respiratory (asthma), and developmental health as well as provide carcinogenic properties (see Figure P.135).
Other Pollutants
Published in Charles E. Baukal, Industrial Combustion Pollution and Control, 2003
Dioxin emissions are highly regulated because of their harmful effects on humans. Since there are relatively few applications where dioxins are an issue, these are closely monitored. The main application where there may be dioxin emissions is waste incineration (see Chap. 16), which tends to be highly regulated by nature anyway. Exhaust gas emissions must be regularly, if not continually, monitored to ensure permit limits are not exceeded. For this particular pollutant, European regulations appear to be more well developed compared to U.S. regulations. This may have to do, in part, to higher processing of contaminated materials that may contain dioxins and furans.
Upcycling textile wastes: challenges and innovations
Published in Textile Progress, 2021
Zunjarrao Kamble, Bijoya Kumar Behera
Approximately one-third of global solid waste is openly dumped, and around a quarter of the total is landfilled in unspecified locations; only 13% is recycled (Kaza et al., 2018). This is evidence of poor waste management in the majority of the world. Therefore, one can safely understand that any textile waste within the municipal solid waste goes directly to landfill along with other wastes. According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017), 73% of global clothing waste goes to either landfilling or incineration. However, with the increasing quantity of waste, the landfill space requirement will also increase, and landfilling is not at all an environment-friendly solution in textile waste management. Incineration is one of the other techniques practised in waste management. According to the World Bank report (Kaza et al., 2018), 11% of the global municipal solid waste is incinerated. However, incineration results in the emission of dioxins, which accumulate in the environment and enter the food chain. Dioxins adversely affect the human immune system and also cause cancer (Pensupa et al., 2017). Therefore, reduction in the amounts and improvement in the process of incineration is also one of the great challenges in textile waste management because of its adverse effects on the environment and human life.
Targeting gap junctional intercellular communication by hepatocarcinogenic compounds
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Kaat Leroy, Alanah Pieters, Andrés Tabernilla, Axelle Cooreman, Raf Van Campenhout, Bruno Cogliati, Mathieu Vinken
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), also known as dioxins, are organic byproducts of combustion and industrial processes, which are released in the environment through air and contaminated soil and water. Eventually, PCDDs accumulate in human fatty tissues through food contamination (Patrizi and Siciliani de Cumis 2018). Dioxins might induce cancer (Lin et al. 2012), damage the immune system (Mrema et al. 2013), disrupt the endocrine system (Maqbool et al. 2016), and produce developmental (Maqbool et al. 2016) and reproductive problems (Lin et al. 2012), mediated by the AhR (Patrizi and Siciliani de Cumis 2018). The most toxic and most frequently used dioxin in research is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (Patrizi and Siciliani de Cumis 2018). This compound disrupts contact inhibition in rat liver epithelial cells, reduces gap junction plaques and inhibits GJIC (Andrysik et al. 2013). The latter occurs in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner (Baker et al. 1995), yet multiple studies indicated that it takes 48 hr prior to changes in GJIC becoming manifested (Bager et al. 1997; Warngard et al. 1996). Further, protein levels of Cx43 are reduced, possibly because of increased proteasomal activity (Andrysik et al. 2013) and decreased Cx43 mRNA quantities (Bager et al. 1997). Cx32 mRNA levels and plasma membrane localization are also adversely affected (Herrmann et al. 2002).