China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
1,4-Dioxane
Published in Caitlin H. Bell, Margaret Gentile, Erica Kalve, Ian Ross, John Horst, Suthan Suthersan, Emerging Contaminants Handbook, 2019
Caitlin H. Bell, Norman D. Forsberg
As of the time of this writing, USEPA had not issued a federal drinking water maximum contaminant level (MCL) for 1,4-dioxane. Traditionally, the USEPA's MCL has been the basis of various regulatory standards or guidelines. Most drinking water standards or guidelines are set to the MCL. Likewise, for groundwater sources considered actual, or potential, drinking water sources, the MCL is also commonly the groundwater cleanup standard or guideline. Soil vapor and indoor air standards and guidelines may be developed via fate and transport models based on the groundwater standards or guidelines. Soil cleanup standards or guidelines may be calculated based on contaminant leaching into groundwater. Surface water standards or guidelines may be based on whether they feed drinking water supplies. Therefore, in the absence of a federal MCL, other approaches must be employed to develop relevant standards or guidelines.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Technical 1,4-dioxane is a clear liquid with an ether-like odor. It is highly flammable and forms explosive peroxides in storage (rate of formation is increased by heating, evaporation, or exposure to light). 1,4-Dioxane is incompatible with oxidizing agents, oxygen, halogens, reducing agents, and moisture. 1,4-Dioxane is used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, some dyes, as a solvent for paper, cotton, and textile processing, and for various organic and inorganic compounds and products. It is also used in automotive coolant liquid, in shampoos and other cosmetics as a degreasing agent, and as a component of paint and varnish. Human exposures to 1,4-dioxane have been traced to multiple occupations, breathing of contaminated workplace air, and drinking polluted water. There are many industrial uses of 1,4-dioxane, i.e., as a solvent for celluloses, resins, lacquers, synthetic rubbers, adhesives, sealants, fats, oils, dyes, and protective coatings; as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, printing inks; as a wetting and dispersing agent in textile processing, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals, and in the preparation and manufacture of detergents.
SOLVENT SELECTION CRITERIA
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
insecticides is a fire and explosion hazard. The body converts it to methanol and the symptoms of overexposure are similar to methanol. Other esters include ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, sec-amylacetate, and isoamyl acetate (banana oil). In general, effects attributed to esters include headaches, drowsiness, dermatitis and irritation of the eyes, nose and respiratory systems. Ethers are ingredients in dyes, resins, waxes, cellulose nitrate and fuels. Many ethers are extremely flammable and form peroxides during extended storage that may explode. Examples of ethers are ethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and isopropyl ether. Ethers are also irritants and can cause health effects similar to other organic solvents. Some ethers have an anaesthetic effect. Dioxane exposure is associated with liver and kidney damage. It is also a suspect carcinogen.
Degradation of 1,4-dioxane by heterogeneous photocatalysis and a photo-Fenton-like process under fluorescent light
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Linkon Bhattacharjee, Chunjie Xia, Ethan Krouse, Haoran Yang, Jia Liu
1,4-Dioxane is a synthetic organic chemical and a cyclic diether which has been recognised as an emerging contaminant of concern in groundwater and surface water since 1978 [1]. Studies show that 1,4-dioxane contamination in the environment mainly originates from 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) contaminated groundwater, as well as effluents of industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants [2]. Because of the high solubility and easy migration in groundwater and surface water, 1,4-dioxane has been detected in all types of water bodies. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has classified 1,4-dioxane as a probable human carcinogen by investigating all the routes of exposure to experimental animals [3]. A health advisory level of 35 µg/L has been set up for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water by USEPA in 2011 [4]. The globally reported concentrations of 1,4-dioxane in groundwater and surface water are listed in Table S1, ranging in 0.1–221000 µg/L in groundwater, 0.02–4020 µg/L in surface water, 0.06–1405 µg/L in drinking water, and 0.8–1370 µg/L in landfill leachate. In industrial wastewater, the reported concentration of 1,4-dioxane is as high as 135–140 mg/L [5].
Treatment of aqueous solutions of 1,4-dioxane by ozonation and catalytic ozonation with copper oxide (CuO)
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Gidiane Scaratti, Alex Basso, Richard Landers, Pedro J. J. Alvarez, Gianluca Li Puma, Regina F. P. M. Moreira
1,4-dioxane is a synthetic cyclic ether traditionally used as a chlorinated solvent stabilizer. It is a contaminant often detected in groundwater or at sites contaminated with 1,1,1-trichloroethane or trichloroethene. 1,4-Dioxane has been detected in municipal water supply wells [1] and river, ocean and groundwater samples [2] in concentrations in the range of 1.9 to 2100 ppb. These contaminated sites are typically in locations where degreasing operations associated with military equipment or electronic components have taken place, or near dry cleaners and industrial complexes. 1,4-Dioxane is also a common by-product of chemical processes involving the production or use of ethylene glycol [3,4] and, as a result, can also be present in industrial wastewaters, some of them with high 1,4-dioxane concentrations of around 250 ppm [5].
Effect of 1, 4-dioxane addition on operating characteristics of a neat biodiesels-fueled diesel engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
1,4-Dioxane is an important heterocyclic organic compound, and it is classified as ether. It is a colorless fluid with a pale sweet smell like a diethyl ether. Dioxane is utilized as a solvent for different practical applications and in the research facility, and furthermore as a stabilizer for the vehicle of chlorinated hydrocarbons in aluminum compartments. Dioxane is created by the corrosive catalyzed lack of hydration of diethylene glycol, which thus is acquired from the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide. Figure 3 explicates the chemical structure of 1,4-Dioxane.