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Explosive terrorism characteristics of explosives and explosions
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Usually a marker or odorizing chemical is added as well. C-4 has a texture similar to modeling clay and can be molded into any desired shape. C-4 is stable and an explosion can only be initiated by the combination of extreme heat and shock wave from a detonator. The Composition C-4 used by the United States Armed Forces contains 91% RDX (“Research Department Explosive,” an explosive nitroamine), 5.3% dioctyl sebacate (DOS) or dioctyl adipate (DOA) as the plasticizer (to increase the plasticity of the explosive), 2.1% polyisobutylene (PIB, a synthetic rubber) as the binder, and 1.6% of a mineral oil often called “process oil.” Instead of “process oil,” low-viscosity motor oil is used in the manufacture of C-4 for civilian use.
Novel polymeric sensor for ultra-trace determination of cerium (III) based on CoNiFe2O4 nanocomposite
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Fatemeh Sabeti Ghahfarokhi, Arezoo Ghaemi, Roya Mohammadzadeh Kakhki
The nature and amount of ionophore, plasticizer and especially additives significantly influence the behavior of the ion-selective electrodes.[30,31] Therefore, various aspects of the membrane composition based on benzo-15-crown-5 for Ce3+ were optimized. The obtained results are depicted in Table 1. Because the type of plasticizer has a significant effect on the characteristics of the membrane,[32,33] it was proposed to have a key role in the membrane-selective electrode performance. In preliminary tests, nitrobenzene (NB) acts as a superior plasticizer compared to other used plasticizers such as dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and dioctyl sebacate (DOS) in the fabrication of the Ce3+ selective electrodes. The plasticizer/PVC ratios were also examined, and it was found that a plasticizer/PVC ratio of about 2 leads to the highest sensitivity and widest linear range (Table 1).
Thermal desorption behavior of hemiacetal, acetal, ether, and ester oligomers
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2019
Megan S. Claflin, Paul J. Ziemann
A hemiacetal oligomer standard was synthesized using a method adapted from Erickson and Campbell (1954). Equimolar amounts of decanal and 1-nonanol were mixed and heated in a 50 °C water bath for 30 min, which produced hemiacetal oligomers (MW 300) according to the reaction shown in Figure 2. Oligomer formation was verified by comparing the ATR-FTIR spectrum of each of the reactants to that of the mixture after 30 min of reaction, as shown in Figure S1 in the online Supplemental Information (SI). The occurrence of reaction was apparent from the decay of the aldehyde (H–C = O) peaks at 1725 and 2715 cm−1 due to loss of decanal, and growth of the ether (C–O–C) peak at 1110 cm−1 due to formation of oligomers. As will be shown below, this solution also contained aldehyde trimers bound through ether linkages, which served as a standard for ether oligomers. Dioctyl sebacate (DOS), a commercially available C26 diester, was used as the ester oligomer standard.