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Examination of Forensic Evidence
Published in Karen D. Sam, Thomas P. Wampler, Analytical Pyrolysis Handbook, 2021
John M. Challinor, David A. DeTata, Kari M. Pitts, Céline Burnier
In the THM-GC profile of the printing ink resin [54], dimethyl fumarate (peak 6) is detected, suggesting the presence of maleic or fumaric acid. Pentaerythritol is indicated by the presence of the tetra- and tri-methyl ethers (peaks 7 and 8, respectively). Tertiary butyl phenol, methyl, and dimethyl tertiary butyl phenols are detected as their methyl ethers (peaks 9, 10 and 11, respectively). Rosin acid methyl esters are detected with dehydroabietic acid and abietic acid methyl esters predominating (peaks 15 and 16, respectively). This resin is, therefore, diagnosed as a tertiary butyl phenol—formaldehyde condensate modified pentaerythritol rosin maleic ester type.
Cardiovascular Disease and Oxidative Stress
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Marco Fernandes, Alisha Patel, Holger Husi
Counter-balance of the deleterious effects of oxidative-stress can also be attainable by promoting activation of up-stream factors responsible for the regulation of cell-mediated response to oxidative stress (Gazaryan and Thomas, 2016). This is in part orchestrated by binding of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2) to cis-regulatory elements, commonly known as antioxidant response elements (ARE) in the promotor region of target genes (Huang et al., 2000). Without external oxidoreductive stimuli, the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(KEAP) promotes continuous ubiquitination and consequent proteasome degradation of NFE2L2, leading to suppression of its transcriptional activity (Lo et al., 2006). Along this line, a number of drugs are currently being developed to attempt to explore how to disrupt the NFE2L2-KEAP1 interface, like the tecfidera (dimethyl fumarate), bardoxolone, and BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 (Bach1) and consequently activating the NFE2L2/ARE pathway. This would then lead to an increased expression of ROS detoxifying enzymes and/or synthesis of pro-antioxidant molecules (Gazaryan and Thomas, 2016; Gesslbauer and Bochkov, 2017). Another approach encompasses mechanisms to cope with damage induced by oxidative stress without changing either basal activity of detoxifying enzymes or levels of pro-antioxidant molecules (Gesslbauer and Bochkov, 2017), thereby lessen the effect of inflammation and aiming to correct disrupted intracellular events due to ROS-induction damage (Gesslbauer and Bochkov, 2017). Attenuation of inflammation by pharmacological intervention has been addressed by altering or interfering with key players in the inflammatory process, such as acting on secretory mediators like inhibiting IL-18, chemokines, and TNF-alpha, using compounds such as Anakinra (Brown, 1989; Toldo et al., 2012), Etanercept (Gao et al., 2015), Infliximab (Gerlach et al., 2014), and Evasin-3 (Montecucco et al., 2010).
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Dimethyl Fumarate (DMFu) is a biocide and a strong anti-mould agent used in consumer products by packaging in sachets accompanying the products to keep them dry. Here, DMFu acts as a dehydrating agent with considerable hygroscopicity and fungicidal power. It is quite effective in eliminating moulds that are likely to cause deterioration in leather footwear and textiles and in furniture during storage and transportation particularly in humid climates. Over a period of time, DMFu evaporates onto products protecting them from dampness, so, it has been used as an alternative to the classic silica gel (Stefanelli, Barbini, Girolimetti, Santilio, & Dommarco, 2011). DMFu can also be directly applied on to the product by spraying.