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Developments In Phase Separation Methods, Aggregation Control, and Mechanisms of Microencapsulation
Published in Max Donbrow, Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy, 2020
To obtain good compatibility, some molecular affinity is needed. Polar plasticizers such as esters, ethers, hydroxy compounds (e.g., polyethylene glycols, glycerol, triacetin, dibutyl phthalate) are more suited to polar polymers (e.g., cellulose derivatives, polyacrylate esters) and nonpolar plasticizers (e.g., hydrocarbons or pinene-based molecules) to hydrocarbon chain polymers. Otherwise the plasticizers may undergo phase separation and weaken or heterogenize the film. Plasticizers enhancing chain mobility lower the Tg value and this may be measured by various techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis and torsional braid pendulum analysis.73 The effect increases with plasticizer concentration up to the point of phase separation but decreases as plasticizer molecular weight is raised (e.g., in PEG). Plasticizer effect may also decrease with polymer molecular weight increase, e.g., in EC with diethyl phthalate.74
Urban Sources of Micropollutants: from the Catchment to the Lake
Published in Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin, Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann, Micropollutants in Large Lakes, 2018
Jonas Margot, Luca Rossi, D. A. Barry
Plasticizers are added to plastics to improve their flexibility. Phthalates (phthalic acid esters) are common plasticizers, although phthalates are also used as fragrance dispersants in cosmetics, or as additives in epoxy resins, food packaging, building materials, etc. Phthalates are pollutants of concern owing to their disruption of endocrine activity and their association with many human health problems (alteration of reproduction, development and neurodevelopment) (Huang et al., 2012). The most investigated phthalates are di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (majorly used as PVC plasticizer, for instance, in PVC shower curtains), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) (fragrance dispersants) along with di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) (additives in many products). Based on their widespread use, median concentrations of phthalate in raw municipal wastewater are approximately 40 pg l−1 for DEHP, 10 pg l−1 for DEP and 1-2 pg l−1 of DMP, DnBP and BBP (Berge et al., 2013).
Arc Interactions with Contaminants
Published in Paul G. Slade, Electrical Contacts, 2017
Gerald J. Witter, Werner Rieder
The sources for organic vapors are ubiquitous. Contacts in open switches may be exposed to vapors transported by the surrounding air from outside the building, car exhaust, industrial gases, refinery gases, or from indoor sources, electronic devices, electrical apparatus, etc. [8–12]. For example, more than 300 organic vapors have been identified in Skylab 4 [13] while 40 kinds of vapors have been detected emanating from two control devices at 65°C [14]. More problematic are those vapors that cannot be eliminated by sealing the housing of a device because the sources are from components of the device itself [5,15–19] that emit organic vapors particularly during internal or external heating of the device. An example of this for relays is the insulation on the relay coil which often contains the plasticizer diethyl phthalate, DEP. The internal heating of the coil during use can accelerate vaporization of DEP from the insulation. Levels of DEP as low as 3 p.p.m. have been shown to produce significant activation [5]. Researcher have also identified other organic vapor sources such as insulating materials with additives and greases and oils [12,20–23]. To prevent activation by internal components, work has also been done on baking components. The effectiveness of baking for reducing emanation of gas has been found to depend on the material [12,21,23,24].
Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Farzaneh Kefayati, Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Mahshid Hodjat, Mohammad Abdollahi
ESCs have a role in making the three main layers of the embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) under the regulation of epigenetic factors. Phthalates- dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can function as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDCs). In vivo tests such as whole embryo culture (WEC) or embryonic stem cell tests (ESTs) have reported that EDCs (like phthalate) can dysregulate regular hormonal activity. The result was deficiencies in neuro-endocrine development, thyroid hormone dysregulation, impaired male reproductive health, and pre-term birth.[199] Due to replacing nickel ΙΙ with cofactor iron ΙΙ in iron (II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent Tet dioxygenases enzymes after nickel exposure, DNA hypermethylation was observed in some genes (GPT, MGMT, RAR-β2, RASSF1, and CDKN2A). This mechanism resulted in downregulation of these genes and negative effects on embryonic stem cells.[221]
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of human and animal evidence of prenatal diethylhexyl phthalate exposure and changes in male anogenital distance
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
David C. Dorman, Weihsueh Chiu, Barbara F. Hales, Russ Hauser, Kamin J. Johnson, Ellen Mantus, Susan Martel, Karen A. Robinson, Andrew A. Rooney, Ruthann Rudel, Sheela Sathyanarayana, Susan L. Schantz, Katrina M. Waters
Phthalates are widely used in a variety of consumer products and human exposure to phthalates occurs following ingestion, dermal exposure, or inhalation (CDC 2009; Lioy et al. 2015). Biomonitoring efforts performed by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and others generally rely on the measurement of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations (Howdeshell et al. 2017; Johns et al. 2015). Phthalates cross the placenta (Fennell et al. 2004), and phthalates and their metabolites have been measured in amniotic fluid (Silva et al. 2004; Calafat et al. 2006; Huang et al. 2009). Transplacental phthalate delivery may lead to adverse developmental effects in animals and may exert similar effects in humans (Gray et al. 2000). In the rat, alterations in male reproductive-tract development are one of the most sensitive health outcomes of in utero phthalate exposure (CHAP 2014; NRC 2008). In rats, most phthalates with ester side chains containing 4–6 carbon atoms are anti-androgenic, whereas some other phthalates (e.g., dimethyl and diethyl phthalate) are not anti-androgenic and were not found to adversely affect male reproductive tract development or function in rats (Furr et al. 2014; Gray et al. 2000).
A review on the presence and removal of phthalates from wastewater
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Ilona Kerienė, Audrius Maruška
Relatively resistant to degradation and not easily mineralised, high-concern toxicity phthalates predominate in the effluent of the wastewater treatment plants: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (most frequently detected), diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl diphthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate. The industrial sectors exhibit phthalates with concentrations above 10 μg L-1: textile treatment, transportation maintenance, cosmetics industries. Due to household activities, domestic wastewater phthalates in remarkable amounts are found in washing machines (DEHP 764 µg L−1) and floor cleaning water (DEHP 1059 µg L−1), dust can amount phthalates to 4500 µg g−1.