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Interaction of Inorganic and Organic Pollutants with Microplastics
Published in Hyunjung Kim, Microplastics, 2023
Hyunjung Kim, Sadia Ilyas, Humma Akram Cheema
Phthalates are a class of chemicals that may add to plastics during manufacturing to make them softer and flexible (plasticize). Phthalates are used in PVC, which is used to make products such as plastic packaging, garden hoses, and medical tubing (https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Phthalates_FactSheet.html). Phthalates are also combined with MPs during manufacturing but do not chemically bond to plastic; hence they are easily leached out latterly (Titmus and Hyrenbach, 2011).
Introduction to Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis (TEQA)
Published in Paul R. Loconto, Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis, 2020
Table 1.2 lists human exposure to various organic compounds known as phthalates or esters of phthalic acid. Phthalates are industrial chemicals that can act as plasticizers, which when added to polymers, impart flexibility and resilience. We frequently touch plastic materials. Our food is packaged in plastic materials. Finding a measurable amount of one or more phthalate metabolite in urine does not mean that they cause an adverse health effect.
Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
The main sources of exposure to phthalates are contaminated food (per os exposure), cosmetics (dermal exposure), and air and dust, to which these compounds migrate (inhalation exposure). Occupational exposure to phthalates occurs during the production of glyceryl phthalate resins, glues (synthetic gum arabic), air fresheners, detergents, and cleaning agents. Phthalates are mostly used as plasticizers to improve elasticity and hardness of plastic materials, e.g., waterproof clothing, vinyl flooring, car plastics, degreasers, and cosmetics such as soap, hairspray, or nail polish. They are also the components of polyvinyl products (plastic bags, blood containers, catheters, toys) [Kulik-Kupka et al. 2017].
Neuro-protective potentials of N-acetylcysteine and zinc against di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate-induced neuro-histopathology and dys-regulations of Dopamine and Glutamate in rat brain
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Adelaja Akinlolu, Victor Emojevwe, Raphael Uwejigho, Juliet Ilesanmi, Rokibat Owolabi, Abimbola Igandan
Phthalates are synthetic chemical esters of phthalic acid which are commercially used for impartation of resilience, pliability and elasticity to plastics and are referred to as “plasticizers”.[1] Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is ubiquitously present in the environment, and it is used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride, packaging films and sheets, baby toys, blood storage bags and medical devices.[2–4] DEHP leaches easily from products because it is an unbound polymer. Hence, DEHP can contaminate plants, water, soil, indoor air and human foods.[5] The primary metabolite of DEHP is mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). DEHP and MEHP are detectable in human tissues and body upon ingestion,[6] and are able to pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers resulting in fetal anomalies and nervous system dysfunctions.[6]
Toxicity in vitro reveals potential impacts of microplastics and nanoplastics on human health: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Qingying Shi, Jingchun Tang, Rutao Liu, Lan Wang
Toxicity of major additives has been extensively studied, and there is some concern on the ability to alter the endocrine system by phthalates, BPA, and PBDEs. It’s reported that phthalates exhibit anti-androgens action while the main action of BPA is estrogen-like activity. PBDEs have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and also function as anti-androgen. Besides the disruption of endocrine function, additives also have many other toxic effects. Take phthalates as an example, oxidative stress and inflammatory events were detected in vitro affecting lung function (Hou et al., 2020). Rhee et al. (2002) emphasized that phthalates exhibited inhibited differentiation and cytotoxicity, and have the embryotoxic potential. Phthalates have also been shown to be genotoxic in several studies in various cells (D. Anderson et al., 1997; Erkekoglu et al., 2010a, 2010b; Kleinsasser et al., 2000, 2001). Phthalates were reported to be related to some negative health impacts such as asthma, breast cancer, obesity, type II diabetes, and male infertility (Kim et al., 2019).
Occurrence of phthalates in facemasks used in India and its implications for human exposure
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Nandini Shende, Girivyankatesh Hippargi, Suyog Gurjar, Asirvatham Ramesh Kumar, Sadhana Rayalu
Phthalates are identified as one of the priority pollutants of ubiquitous occurrence by the US EPA, EU, and China (Katsikantami et al. 2016). Several regulatory bodies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) of the USA, EU, and Health Canada, banned the use of phthalates >0.1%in child care articles (Eupropean Council 2005; Canada G of 2016). PAEs in consumer products have been identified as one of the threats by the Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management (Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) 2020). In India, PAEs are regulated in articles indented for children’s use by the Indian toy and children products regulation (BIS 2017), which ban the use of DBP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP (Di-n-octyl phthalate), DiNP (Diisononyl phthalate), and DiDP (Diisodecyl phthalate) in quantities >0.1%, either as a single compound or a mixture of PAEs. However, FMs are not covered under any of these regulations. Recent studies reported the occurrence of PAEs in different types of FMs manufactured in China, Canada, Europe, Japan, Korea, and the United States of America (USA) (Vimalkumar et al. 2022; Wang X. et al. 2022; Xie et al. 2022). The results indicated widespread occurrences of PAEs in FMs, and wearing FMs could be a moderate non-dietary source of PAEs exposure. For a comprehensive assessment of PAEs risk, it is essential to know the PAEs content of different types of FMs used in various countries, especially in highly populated countries such as India.