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Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The production of phthalates is ∼400 million lb/year. Phthalates are plasticizers and are added to plastic products in significant quantities, usually to keep the plastics soft. As much as half the mass of a PVC container can be phthalates.338 Another large part of plastic is organophosphates similar to these found in organophosphate pesticide. Plastic containers are widely used in industry and consumer products, and phthalates can leach from the PVC walls of containers and contaminate the fluid contents. Studies by Kalin and Brooks339 and our work at the EHC-Dallas have shown that the chemically sensitive may be made ill by this leaching. Specific phthalic esters with short alkyl groups, such as dimethyl and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), are appreciably soluble in water. Most other dialkyl phthalates, including di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are selectively soluble in aqueous medium because of their lipophilic structures. Volatiles are said to be generally of low standard temperature and pressure for the long-chain and branched compounds such as DEHP. Many edible oils are stored in these containers and will absorb the phthalates.
Bioaugmentation to Remove Recalcitrant Pollutants in Industrial Wastewater
Published in Inamuddin, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Tariq Altalhi, Bioaugmentation Techniques and Applications in Remediation, 2022
L.P. Ananthalekshmi, Indu C. Nair, K. Jayachandran
Phthalates and phthalic acid esters are released from plastic components and are best-known endocrine receptor disruptors. Phthalates are also carcinogens and cause reproductive toxicity (Bradley et al. 2013). These persistent compounds have emerged as by-products during the manufacturing of plastic and other synthetic polymers. Phthalates are a large class of chemicals including, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, phthalic acid, diisobutyl phthalate, di-(-2ethy hexyl) phthalate, 1,2-dibenzyl phthalate, and many more. Phthalates are transformed by certain bacteria into its esters and corresponding acids. Some of the genetically engineered microbes were also used as a tool in bioaugmentation methods for phthalates (Kong et al. 2019). Phthalates can be degraded aerobically and anaerobically according to the nature of the microorganism selected. Various species of Pseudomonas, Rhodoccous, and Acinetobacter were reported to degrade phthalates and phthalic acid esters (Nahurira et al. 2017). Dibutyl phthalate could be degraded by Bacillus subtilis and proper bioremediation of the pollutant was done using this method (Huang et al. 2018). Di 2 ethyl hexyl phthalate could be degraded by Rhodococcus sp (Zhao et al. 2019). Di-n-octyl phthalate was reported to be degraded using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) (Zhang et al. 2018). Phthalate hydrolases encoding genes were isolated from soil metagenomic library as an effective step towards phthalate degradation (Qiu et al. 2020). Benzyl butyl phthalate and dimethyl phthalate were reported to be degraded by Bacillus marisflavi RR014 (Kaur et al. 2021).
Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
The main sources of exposure to phthalates are contaminated food (per os exposure), cosmetics (dermal exposure), and air and dust, to which these compounds migrate (inhalation exposure). Occupational exposure to phthalates occurs during the production of glyceryl phthalate resins, glues (synthetic gum arabic), air fresheners, detergents, and cleaning agents. Phthalates are mostly used as plasticizers to improve elasticity and hardness of plastic materials, e.g., waterproof clothing, vinyl flooring, car plastics, degreasers, and cosmetics such as soap, hairspray, or nail polish. They are also the components of polyvinyl products (plastic bags, blood containers, catheters, toys) [Kulik-Kupka et al. 2017].
Neuro-protective potentials of N-acetylcysteine and zinc against di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate-induced neuro-histopathology and dys-regulations of Dopamine and Glutamate in rat brain
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Adelaja Akinlolu, Victor Emojevwe, Raphael Uwejigho, Juliet Ilesanmi, Rokibat Owolabi, Abimbola Igandan
Phthalates are synthetic chemical esters of phthalic acid which are commercially used for impartation of resilience, pliability and elasticity to plastics and are referred to as “plasticizers”.[1] Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is ubiquitously present in the environment, and it is used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride, packaging films and sheets, baby toys, blood storage bags and medical devices.[2–4] DEHP leaches easily from products because it is an unbound polymer. Hence, DEHP can contaminate plants, water, soil, indoor air and human foods.[5] The primary metabolite of DEHP is mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). DEHP and MEHP are detectable in human tissues and body upon ingestion,[6] and are able to pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers resulting in fetal anomalies and nervous system dysfunctions.[6]
Toxicity in vitro reveals potential impacts of microplastics and nanoplastics on human health: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Qingying Shi, Jingchun Tang, Rutao Liu, Lan Wang
Toxicity of major additives has been extensively studied, and there is some concern on the ability to alter the endocrine system by phthalates, BPA, and PBDEs. It’s reported that phthalates exhibit anti-androgens action while the main action of BPA is estrogen-like activity. PBDEs have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and also function as anti-androgen. Besides the disruption of endocrine function, additives also have many other toxic effects. Take phthalates as an example, oxidative stress and inflammatory events were detected in vitro affecting lung function (Hou et al., 2020). Rhee et al. (2002) emphasized that phthalates exhibited inhibited differentiation and cytotoxicity, and have the embryotoxic potential. Phthalates have also been shown to be genotoxic in several studies in various cells (D. Anderson et al., 1997; Erkekoglu et al., 2010a, 2010b; Kleinsasser et al., 2000, 2001). Phthalates were reported to be related to some negative health impacts such as asthma, breast cancer, obesity, type II diabetes, and male infertility (Kim et al., 2019).
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Phthalates are a group of man-made chemicals commonly used to increase the flexibility of plastics in a wide range of consumer products. They also make the plastic harder to break and are often called plasticizers. One of the major uses of phthalates has been in manufacturing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Interestingly, PVC is the second most-commonly used plastic in the world and finds use in a large number of products like vinyl flooring, adhesives, detergents, lubricating oils, automotive plastics, pipes and tubings, electrical wiring, packaging and a large number of consumer goods. Phthalates are used widely in wall coverings, table cloths, rain coats, furniture upholstery, carpet backings, shower curtains, shoes, inflatable toys, garden hoses, automotive upholstery, food packaging, medical tubing and blood storage containers. Their applications also include personal-care products like soaps, shampoos, hair sprays, skin care products, cosmetics and nail polishes (Duty, Ackerman, Calafat, & Hauser, 2005; Kwapniewski et al., 2008). In textile manufacturing, they can be used in screen printing, heat transfer inks and plastisol inks (https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Phthalates_FactSheet.html) and some phthalates can also be effective solvents (http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/phthalates_actionplan_revised_2012-03-14.pdf).