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Energy Storage Devices
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Parvej Ahmad Alvi, Umashankar Subramaniam, Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits and Materials, 2021
M. Karthigai Pandian, K. Saravanakumar, J. Dhanaselvam, T. Chinnadurai
Energy storage is the process of capturing energy from one source and the same can be utilized for future purpose. Storing solar energy in the form of heat and chemical energy is generally called molecular solar thermal storage, where chemical bonds are used to store the solar energy [6]. In this process, a catalyst is used to recycle an isomer and convert it into heat where ionized chemical compounds are transformed from chemical isomerization to metastable isomers. There are various methods available for thermal energy storage where the molten-salt technique is the simplest one, but it experiences thermal losses due to insulation problems [7]. Another method is the solar-driven conversion type in which dicyclopentadiene is converted into cyclopentadiene, which is thermodynamically the most favorable at increased temperature.
Antioxidants
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Lubricant Additives, 2017
Robert G. Rowland, Jun Dong, Cyril A. Migdal
Multifunctional antioxidant and extreme pressure additives with heterocyclic structures were prepared by sulfurizing norbornene, 5-vinylnorbornene dicyclopentadiene, or methyl cyclopentadiene dimer [13]. Heterocyclic compounds such as n-alkyl 2-thiazoline disulfide in combination with ZDDP exhibited excellent antioxidant performance in laboratory engine tests [14]. Heterocyclic sulfur- and oxygen-containing compositions derived from mercaptobenzothiazole and β-thiodialkanol have been found to be excellent antioxidants in automatic transmission fluids [15]. Novel antioxidant and antiwear additives based on dihydrobenzothiophenes have been prepared via condensation of low-cost aryl thiols and carbonyl compounds in a high-yield one-step process [16].
Alkylcyclopentanes
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Cyclopentadiene is conveniently generated in situ by the efficient cracking of commercially available dimer, dicyclopentadiene, at the elevated reaction temperature (190°C–250°C). Alkoxide is conveniently generated by refluxing alcohols with KOH and using water separation via a Dean–Starke trap to drive the equilibrium to alkoxide. Because it suppresses the concentration of ions more basic than hydroxide ion, for example, alkoxide, water inhibits the reaction. The water produced in the reaction is, therefore, removed as it is formed during the course of the reaction.
High adhesion between aluminum and unsaturated polyester through hierarchical surface patterning
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2021
Jani Tuovinen, Janne Salstela, Md. Rezaul Karim, Arto Koistinen, Mika Suvanto, Tuula T. Pakkanen
Commercial Sea class EN AW-5754 aluminum alloy sheets (Impexmetal s.a. Aluminium Konin, Warszawa, Poland) were used as substrates. The composition of the alloy is given in Table 1. Styrene cross-linkable dicyclopentadiene based Synolite 8388-P-1 unsaturated polyester resin (UP) (DSM composite resins, Heerlen, Netherlands) was used as an adhesive and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (Butanox M-50, S.A. AkzoNobel Chemicals N.V., Arnhem, Netherlands) was selected as a curing agent. The amount of the curing agent relative to that of the resin was 2 wt %. 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS, 98%) was utilized as a coupling agent and was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Espoo, Finland). Stainless steel microscale meshes used in the micro-mesh printing procedure were purchased from Spinea Ltd (Helsinki, Finland).
The formulation of epoxy-polyester matrix with improved physical and mechanical properties for restoration of means of sea and river transport
Published in Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 2020
A. V. Buketov, M. V. Brailo, S. V. Yakushchenko, O. O. Sapronov, S. O. Smetankin
In the formation of polymeric matrix of the CM, the next ingredients were used. The main component of matrix is a low molecular epoxy diane oligomer ED-20. It should be noted that the molecules of epoxy oligomers contain glycidyl and epoxy groups, which are capable of interacting with the hardener, to form a cross-linked structure in the materials in the form of a grid (Kerber et al. 2008; Fabulyak et al. 2010).Ortho-phthalic dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) unsaturated pre-accelerated polyester resin ENYDYNE H 68372 TAE, which has an inhibitor to prevent instant polymerisation (gel time τ = 20–24 min) (Technical data sheet 2015). It should be noted that during the copolymerisation reaction of composition of unsaturated polyesters with non-limiting monomer compounds in the presence of initiators, a significant amount of heat is released; therefore, the reaction is exothermic (Lubin 1988; Kerber et al. 2008).The cold curing hardener polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) (TU 6-05-241-202-78) – for cross-linking of epoxy compositions.The initiator for polyester resins – Butanox-M50 (Fabulyak et al. 2010), which is a peroxide of methyl ethyl ketone (MEKP) and contains a low amount of water with a minimum number of polar compounds in comparison to ethylene glycol (Stukhlyak 1994).
Enhanced strength and toughness of repurposed glass fiber reinforced adhesive joints for sewage applications
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2023
Devanand Chelot, Abhishek Tewari, Kumar Shanmugam, Priyank Upadhyaya
The GFRP composite pipes considered in this study are a multi-layered sandwich system comprising six layers in the assembly. The fabrication of the GFRP pipes was done using a hand layup process. The function, material, and thickness of each layer are presented in Table 1 and shown in Figure 1(c). All the glass fiber mats including the surface layer are impregnated with an Isophthalic resin Crystic 491 EPA. The central core consists of blended sand impregnated with Dicyclopentadiene resin Crystic 2–451, a product by Scott Bader, UK. Individual segments of multi-segmented pipe are hand-laid up separately and are later joined by a tongue-in-groove joint (TGJ). For assembly, the crown (top section) is lowered down and joined with the invert (bottom section) of the pipe (see Figure 1). Before inserting the crown in the invert, the adhesive mix is applied to the tongue and groove. Immediately following the application of the adhesive, both segments are jacked together and cured for at least three hours. In multi-segmented pipes, joint areas are prone to cracking, delamination and damage that may lead to reduction in the mechanical performance of these pipes. For this purpose, the tongue that replaces the weaker core material is fabricated solely using unidirectional fibers, thus making it more resilient compared to the pipe wall layup. A schematic of the TGJ joint is shown in Figure 1(d). To control the thickness, the crown and invert were physically restricted in their movement by the fixtures and the gaps were manually filled with adhesive. The final thickness of the adhesive layer in the bonded TGJ is 50.5 mm.