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Published in Natan B. Vargaftik, Lev P. Filippov, Amin A. Tarzimanov, Evgenii E. Totskii, Yu. A. Gorshkov, Handbook of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases, 2020
Natan B. Vargaftik, Lev P. Filippov, Amin A. Tarzimanov, Evgenii E. Totskii, Yu. A. Gorshkov
Dibutyl ether of ethylene glycol (CH2OC4H9)2. The thermal conductivity of the saturated liquid, ref. [242], is as follows: T,K ………………….310320330340350360λ·103,W/(mK)…138135132129127124
Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Analytical Techniques
Published in Anil K. Pabby, S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Kamalesh K. Sirkar, Ana-Maria Sastre, Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors, 2020
Anil K. Pabby, B. Swain, V. K. Mittal, N. L. Sonar, T. P. Valsala, D. B. Sathe, R. B. Bhatt, Ana-Maria Sastre
Recently, Lee et al. developed another form of automated HF-LPME, which was called automated arrays of bundled hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (BHF-LPME). To prepare the bundles of HF, the fibers were heat-sealed at one end while the other end was tightly fitted into a pipette tip. A metal ring was also attached to the micropipette to provide the extraction unit. A tray plate containing 32 sample vials equipped with a micro-editor was used to obtain the array of extraction units. The instrument was programmed to immerse the BHFs into dibutyl ether as the SLM solvent and then immediately placed BHFs into an aqueous sample solution. The procedure continued by the immersion of BHF assembly in methanol for analyte elution and subsequent injection to the analytical instrument [31]. The extraction procedure is depicted in Figure 12.4C. Shortly after the original demonstration, the procedure was modified by the same research group, where the desorption step was assisted by ultrasonication. The modified method has been used for the determination of estrogens in aqueous samples [32].
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
As noted symmetrical ethers with the alkyl hydrocarbon groups linked through the ether oxygen atom can be named dialkyl ethers or, more commonly, just the alkyl ether. Unsymmetrical ether structures with two different alkyl groups are named to reflect both the different alkyl groups. The name of the alkylene oxide corresponds to the hydrocarbon chain with the cyclic ether linkage being signified by the designation of oxide. The larger cyclic structures are usually classified as a heterocyclic structure such as furan, 1,4-dioxane, or 1,3-dioxolane. A series of aliphatic diether structures bear the common name "glyme" to which is attached the prefix "mono-,""di-,""tri-," or "tetra-" that denotes the number of (-CH;CH3O) groups in the molecule. The first member in the glyme series is the dimethyl ether of ethylene glyco! (CHjOCHjCIIjOCHj) or monoglyme. Addition of a (CHJCH3O) group to the monoglyme yields diglyme or the dimethyl ether of diethylene glycol (CH5OCH3CHJOCH2CHJOCH3). Addition of one or two (-CHJCHJO) groups to diglyme yields the tri- and tetraglyme solvents. The simplest ethyl ether analog is ethylene glycol diethyl ether or ethyl glyme. The corresponding diethylene glycol diether solvent is ethyl diglyme. The Grant Chemical Division of the Ferro Corporation produces diethylene glycol dibutyl ether or butyl diglyme solvent.
Experimental assessment of dibutyl ether on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine fuelled with Indian Blackberry biodiesel
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Nitin Kamitkar, Basavaraju Alenahally Ningegowda, V. Dhana Raju
The variations of brake thermal efficiency for the tested fuels with engine load are presented in Figure 6. Brake thermal efficiency denotes the effective conversion of energy available in fuel into useful power. It is evaluated as brake power to the heat supplied. BTE is mainly influenced by several parameters of fuel like heating value, cetane index, viscosity and volatile nature. Brake thermal efficiency for the fuels of diesel, IBME10, IBME20, IBME30, IBME 20 DBE 5 and IBME 20 DBE 10 at full load are 34.25%, 30.81%, 31.28%, 30.43%, 31.88% and 33.08%. Test results inferred higher BTE for diesel compared to biodiesel blends at all load conditions because of higher calorific value. However, among the Indian Blackberry biodiesel blends, IBME 20 is found higher BTE than other biodiesel blends. Further, the addition of dibutyl ether to the IBME20 is inferred to increment in BTE with an increase in DBE concentrations. It is revealed that IBME 20 with 10% addition of dibutyl ether is found to be 5.7% higher than the IBME 20, because of the high cetane number, higher oxygen availability and reduced viscosity results in enhanced combustion phenomena. The addition of oxygenated fuel additives improves BTE because of enhanced atomisation, fuel vaporisation and combustion of less viscosity fuels reported by Rami Reddy, Murali, and Dhana Raju (2020b).
Comparative study of perhydropolysilazane protective films
Published in Surface Engineering, 2022
Elizaveta Shmagina, Mati Danilson, Valdek Mikli, Sergei Bereznev
A commercially available 20% solution of PHPS in dibutyl ether (NN-120-20, durXtreme GmbH, Germany) was used for the thin film deposition. The films were prepared by spin-coating either onto the surface of a soda lime glass (SLG) or onto a SLG coated with molybdenum (SLG/Mo) substrate. Before the deposition, the substrates were washed in an ultrasonic bath for 5 min in isopropanol and then in a 20% Decon 90 solution (Decon Laboratories Ltd, England). Next, the substrates were washed in Millipore water followed by drying under a flow of dry nitrogen of 99.995% purity. The PHPS solution was deposited on the surface of the cleaned substrates by spin-coating at 2000 rpm for 1 min (Chemat Technology spin-coater KW-4A). Then, the solvent residuals were evaporated on a hot plate at 40°C for 2 min. After that, the prepared SLG/PHPS and SLG/Mo/PHPS structures were subjected to a curing process, which was carried out in two different ways. In the first case, the samples were cured in a muffle furnace (XD-14S, Zhengzhou Brother Furnace CO LTD, China) at 180°C for 60 min. In the second case, the samples were irradiated with UV light with wavelengths of 185 and 254 nm simultaneously in air (Novascan UV/Ozone cleaning system). The distance between the samples and the UV lamps was 15 mm. The curing time was chosen to be 40 min based on experimental and literature data [1]. Using the curing techniques described above, both single-layer and four-layer films were prepared. Multi-layer structures were obtained by cyclic repeating of the deposition/drying/curing stages.
Role of stabilizers on agglomeration of debris during micro-electrical discharge machining
Published in Machining Science and Technology, 2019
Ranjeet K. Sahu, Somashekhar S. Hiremath
Sarathi et al. (2007) used wire explosion method to generate aluminium nanoparticles in different inert ambiences. The mean size of the particles has found to be in between 30 and 45 nm. The size and shape of the generated particles were found to be strongly affected by the ambient medium pressure. Dokhan et al. (2002) used wire explosion process in inert ambience to synthesize aluminium nanoparticles. The size of the particles was observed to be in the range of 100–200 nm. Karasev et al. (2004) used combustion flame method to form alumina nanoparticles by burning of a small sample of rocket propellant. They observed a chainlike agglomerated form of alumina nanoparticles which are of about 1,000 nm size. Kuzmin et al. (2012) used laser ablation method to generate aluminium nanoparticles in water, and ethanol saturated with hydrogen. They found that the size of spherical-shaped aluminium particles lies in the range of 30–50 nm. Mahdieh and Fattahi (2015) used pulsed laser ablation method to produce colloidal nanoparticles of aluminium in different liquid environments – distilled water, acetone and ethanol. The mean size of the particles in distilled water, acetone and ethanol was found to be 58, 35 and 22 nm, respectively. Kalpowitz et al. (2010) used aerosol method to synthesize aluminium nanoparticles. They observed that the shapes of the particles are polyhedral and spherical and are in the size range of 50–100 nm and 25–50 nm, respectively. Mandilas et al. (2013) synthesized aluminium nanoparticles using arc plasma spray method under atmospheric pressure. They have observed that the size of the spherical shaped nanoparticles lies in the range of 10–140 nm. Hemalatha et al. (2011) used a chemical synthesis method to produce nano-sized alumina particles. The average particle size was found to be 43 nm. Lee and Kim (2011) used a wet chemical process to synthesize aluminium nanoparticles in dibutyl ether. The mean size of the particles was found to be in the range of 139–614 nm. Then, using oleic acid surfactant, they found that the mean size of aluminium particles reduced to approximately 35 nm.