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Battery Energy Storage
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
The depth of discharge (DoD) is the percentage of battery rated capacity to which a battery is discharged. The depth of discharge is given by DoD(t)=QT−SoCT(t)QT×100%=∫tOti(τ)dτQT×100%
The Electric Fuel Tank
Published in Patrick Hossay, Automotive Innovation, 2019
Of course, all of this changes as the battery ages. From their very first use, batteries degrade. Active materials dissolve into the electrolyte. The electrolyte oxidizes. Expansion and contraction of active materials during charge and discharge can accelerate this. And in general, both mechanical and chemical changes degrade battery performance. Both time and usage contribute to this, so we often talk about calendar life and cycle life, indicating the number of years or charge cycles respectively a battery can manage before its capacity is seriously diminished. Typically degradation of no more than 20% in 10 years is a benchmark. Since excessive depth of discharge (DoD) can significantly impact this life, batteries are sometimes oversized to avoid over discharge and excessive heating and enabling a longer life.
Exploration for Porous Architecture in Electrode Materials for Enhancing Energy and Power Storage Capacity for Application in Electro-chemical Energy Storage
Published in Ranjusha Rajagopalan, Avinash Balakrishnan, Innovations in Engineered Porous Materials for Energy Generation and Storage Applications, 2018
In Li-ion batteries, the anode is graphitic carbon, the cathode is a lithium metal oxide like LiCoO2 or LiMO2 (M – metal), and the electrolyte is LiClO4 or LiPF6 dissolved in non-aqueous organic liquid (Diaz-Gonzalez et al. 2012). It has response time of ms, high cycle efficiency of ~ 97 per cent and relatively high energy density of ~ 1500–10,000 Wh/l and specific energy of 150–200 Wh/kg (Chen et al., 2009, UKDTI 2004, IEC, 2011, Hadjipaschalis et al., 2009). These batteries suffer from the depth of discharge (DOD) in a cycle, which affects battery life and the on-board computer necessary to manage its operation adds to the cost. The thrust in research for these batteries is to increase battery power and to develop materials for anode, cathode and the electrolyte to increase specific energy of the cell.
One-parameter battery degradation model for optimization of islanded microgrid system
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Andrej Zvonimir Tomić, Ivo Marinić-Kragić, Frano Barbir
The accelerated battery degradation coefficient f can be calculated for real batteries from experimental data. The simplest way is to measure the number of battery cycles for two different depth of discharge (DOD) values. Data on the possible number of cycles depending on the depth of discharge are often given by battery manufacturers. The total energy obtained from the battery during its entire lifetime for a certain DOD value can be obtained ei=DOD*ni, while the corresponding price is ci=Cb/ei where Cb is the price per kWh. The number of cycles for the battery used in the simulation for DOD1 = 0.2 is n1 = 4000, and for DOD2 = 0.8 n2 = 675. The corresponding amount of energy for a unit battery of 1 kWh (Cb=$500/kWh) is e1 = 800 kwh, and e2 = 540 kwh. The cost per kWh of electricity for DOD1 = 0.2 is c1 = 0.625 $/kWh, and for DOD2 = 0.8 the price is c2 = 0.93 $/kWh. Using Eq. (7) follows:
Adaptive V2G Peak Shaving and Smart Charging Control for Grid Integration of PEVs
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2018
Fatih Erden, Mithat C. Kisacikoglu, Nuh Erdogan
V2G operation can take place using only off-board charging stations installed by the utility company. To sign-up for the V2G service, PEVs must have a higher SOC than the charge level required for emergencies. This is to make sure that off-board stations are not used to increase the peak demand, but, rather, are utilized to help with peak shaving. A first-come, first-served basis is used. Users who are eligible to connect their vehicles to off-board charging units are automatically enrolled in the V2G service. Users who enroll in this service will have an increased aging rate for their batteries due to increased partial cycles depending on the battery capacity, battery operation temperature, and drive cycle [41]. The additional cost due to battery wear should be covered by the utility service provider asking this service from the PEVs. However, the battery wear analysis involves a detailed in-depth impact study, which is not in the scope of this article. It is important to note that depth of discharge (DoD) is also an important factor affecting the battery lifetime. In this article, we have preserved a limited DoD during V2G service by introducing an emergency range for each PEV. This helps to increase battery lifetime as opposed to discharging PEVs to their allowable minimum SOC.
Modelling and simulation tool for off-grid PV-hydrogen energy system
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2020
Christian A. Onwe, David Rodley, Stephen Reynolds
The battery bank capacity is given by the expression:where DA: Days of Autonomy, the following codes were used to implement the days of autonomy: DA = ROUND (COUNTIF (J2:J8760,“=0”)/24/52*0.5,1). This computes the number of days of solar photovoltaic unavailability. DM: Design Margin (this is a factor usually introduced by RE designers to account for some losses or balance the effects of unexpected circumstances, for example, load transients, poor maintenance, and discharge transients). DOD: Depth of Discharge (this describes how deeply or a percent limit to which a battery can be discharged).