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Chapter 2 The Water - Energy nexus
Published in Arcot Ganesh Pradeep Narrain, Low Head Hydropower For Local Energy Solutions, 2018
Grid generation demands high investment costs. From the commercial aspect, the break- even time should acceptable to ensure economic viability. Hence capital as well as operating expenses are high which make the technology suitable for developed regions. This technology is suitable for regions where skilled personnel are available for maintenance. The complexity of machinery is high, as it involves backup systems to prevent large damages in the case of breakdown. Off-grid hydro needs to store the energy harnessed. This is done using batteries which can store low voltage (up to 48 V) DC. Over and under charging protection can be installed using a shunt regulator. Most systems use deep cycle batteries which are designed to have 1000 to 2000 cycles at 80% charge (5 to 15 years). Further, machines operating at low voltages need thick cabling to reduce power loss which increases the costs of the units.
Battery Power
Published in Richard Cadena, Electricity for the Entertainment Electrician & Technician, 2021
Lead-acid batteries have not changed a lot since they were invented in 1859. They have the lowest energy density of these three battery types, but they are relatively inexpensive and can be recharged. Lead-acid batteries can be classified as a starter type or deep-cycle type. Starter batteries are used to supply a lot of current and power for a short amount of time in order to crank an engine. These are the type that are used in cars and other vehicles. Deep-cycle batteries are used to supply a sustained current over a longer period of time. These batteries are typically found in golf carts, wheelchairs, uninterruptable power supplies, and other devices.
Wind Energy
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Wind Power, 2022
Stand-alone systems (systems not connected to the utility grid) require batteries to store excess power generated for use when the wind is calm. They also need a charge controller to keep the batteries from overcharging. As mentioned earlier in the text, deep-cycle batteries, such as those used for golf carts, can discharge and recharge 80% of their capacity hundreds of times, which makes them a good option for remote renewable energy systems. Automotive batteries are shallow-cycle batteries and should not be used in renewable energy systems because of their short life in deep-cycling operations.
Photovoltaic System as Source of Power In Residential Buildings: Technical and Economical Study
Published in Energy Engineering, 2018
Ehab Hussein Bani-Hani, Ahmad Sedaghat, Abdulrahman Faisal, Abdullatif Al-Methen, Ahmad Al-Bannaw, Reyadh Al-Mosabeeh, Hamad Al-Otaibi
The energy produced by the PV cell is stored in batteries and used when needed. The battery should be able to store power for a duration of 2 days. The required output for four batteries is 48 volt. The required amp-hour is calculated as follows: A 20 % safety factor is added to the battery capacity Batteries' deep cycles are between 50 and 80%. Deep-cycle batteries are best suited for PV power systems because they are capable of many repeated deep cycles. The required total current (amp-h) using 60% capacity is: