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Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Analytical Techniques
Published in Anil K. Pabby, S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Kamalesh K. Sirkar, Ana-Maria Sastre, Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors, 2020
Anil K. Pabby, B. Swain, V. K. Mittal, N. L. Sonar, T. P. Valsala, D. B. Sathe, R. B. Bhatt, Ana-Maria Sastre
carbazide (DCP) and further analysis by a fiber-optic UV-Visible spectrophotometer. To perform this, they used an ionic liquid (Aliquat 336) as the SLM solvent and the sample solution was continually passed through the lumen of the membrane by a peristaltic pump. After the extraction, a DCP solution was fed into the HF to elute the chromium and form the colored complex [42]. In addition to the exploitation of ionic liquids in the HF-LPME methods, the use of surfactants has been repeatedly reported in the literature as a strategy to increase the efficiency of HF-LPME. To refer to some, Sarafraz Yazdi et al. proposed a surfactant enhanced hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (SE-HF-LPME) for the melamine determination in soil samples based on formation of a hydrophobic ion-pair between sodium dodecyl sulfate and protonated melamine [43]. In another research, acidic, basic, and amphiprotic pollutants were successfully co-extracted using supramolecular vesicles of decanoic acid in 1-decanol. This method was called supramolecular nanosolvent based-hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (SSHF-LPME) [44]. The latest applications of two-phase and three-phase HF-LPME for quantitative analysis of different analytes in environmental samples are shown in Table 12.1.
Name Reactions
Published in Benny K.G. Theng, Clay Mineral Catalysis of Organic Reactions, 2018
The esterification of phenol with benzoic acid and the subsequent FR of the ester to give hydroxybenzophenones (in a one-pot synthesis under solvent-free conditions) could also be achieved using K10-supported Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 (Yadav and George 2008). More recently, Venkatesha et al. (2014, 2015) used montmorillonite that had been treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid to promote the O-acylation of p-cresol with decanoic acid, followed by the Fries rearrangement of the ester produced (p-cresyldecanoate) to the corresponding ketone, namely, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)decan-1-one. The yield of ketone was related to the surface acidity of the catalyst as well as the accessibility of the micropores—in reality, mesopores—to the reactants.
Physical Properties of Individual Groundwater Chemicals
Published in John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton, Environmental Chemicals Desk Reference, 2017
John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton
Biological. Decane may biodegrade in two ways. The first is the formation of decyl hydroperoxide, which decomposes to 1-decanol, followed by oxidation to decanoic acid. The other pathway involves dehydrogenation to 1-decene, which may react with water, giving 1-decanol (Dugan, 1972). Microorganisms can oxidize alkanes under aerobic conditions (Singer and Finnerty, 1984). The most common degradative pathway involves the oxidation of the terminal methyl group, forming the corresponding alcohol (1-decanol). The alcohol may undergo a series of dehydrogenation steps, forming decanal, followed by oxidation, forming decanoic acid. The fatty acid may then be metabolized by β-oxidation to form the mineralization products, carbon dioxide and water (Singer and Finnerty, 1984). Hou (1982) reported 1-decanol and 1,10-decanediol as degradation products by the microorganism Corynebacterium.
Estimation of fuel properties and characterization of hemp biodiesel using spectrometric techniques
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Cijil Biju John, Antony Raja Solamalai, Ranjitha Jambulingam, Deepanraj Balakrishnan
The fatty acid composition of vegetable oils varied slightly on transesterification (Akinola 2016). Since transesterification involves the conversion of triglycerides in the CHO into fatty acid methyl esters in the HB, a shift in peak intensities were noticed in the GC-MS spectra of CHO and HB. The GC-MS spectrum of HB obtained after subjecting the CHO into transesterification is presented in Figure 4. Here, the GC-MS spectrum showed totally 7 major peaks at the retention times of 13.08, 13.78, 15.23, 15.87, 17, 17.22, and 19.67. These peaks were attributed to the blend of long-chain fatty acid esters such as methyl tetra decanoate, penta decanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid, 9,15-octa decadienoic acid methyl ester, heptadecanoic acid-16methyl-methyl ester and [(4Z,16Z)-octadeca-4,16-dienyl] acetate. It was observed from the spectrum that the peak around 17 became more intense after transesterification leaving other two high intense peaks observed at 20.57 and 19 for CHO. This demonstrated that the HB contained the unsaturated long-chain fatty acids like 9,15-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester as dominant in the mixture.
Fatty acids and survival of bacteria in Hammam Pharaon springs, Egypt
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Yehia A. Osman, Mahmud Mokhtar Gbr, Ahmed Abdelrazak, Amr M. Mowafy
Most of the fatty acids were saturated but three unsaturated fatty acids were also identified. In HM101, the saturated fatty acids Decanoic acid (10:0), Undecanoic acid (11:0), and Dodecanoic acid (12:0) were the most dominant fatty acids with 47.85% from the total fatty acids. In HM102, the dominance was for Undecanoic acid (11:0), Dodecanoic acid (12:0), and Heptadecanoic acid (17:0) with 43.88%. In HM103, Decanoic acid (10:0), Undecanoic acid (11:0), Dodecanoic acid (12:0), and Heptadecanoic acid (17:0) were found to be the highest constituents with 55.67% of the fatty acid profile.
Synthesis, mesomorphic and photo-switching behaviours of novel azobenzene chiral liquid crystals containing (-)-menthyl
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2020
Xiao-Xiang Zhang, Jin-Hua Zhang, Yue-Hua Cong, Qi-Lin Wang, Ying-Gang Jia
(-)-Menthol was purchased from Shanghai Kabo Chemical Co. (China). 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, n-hexanoic acid, n-caprylic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, N, N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), succinic anhydride and 4-aminophenol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (China). All reagents and solvents were used directly without further purification.