China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemical Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Cheng et al. (2010) constructed the ECL sensing system for low-potential detection of metal ions. They immobilized surface-unpassivated cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs on a glassy carbon electrode. The surface-unpassivated CdTe QDs were prepared using meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), with the molecular formula C4H6O4S2, as a stabilizer to cap CdTe QDs. DMSA is an organosulfur compound with the formula HO2CCH(SH)CH(SH)CO2H, containing two carboxylic acid and two thiol groups. The immobilized QDs showed a strong cathodic ECL emission peak at 0.87 V with an onset potential at 0.64 V (versus Ag/AgCl/saturated KCl) in air-saturated, pH 9.0 HCl Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane]: (C4H11NO3) buffer. On the basis of the competition between the metal ion and the stabilizer, the quenching effect of the metal ion on ECL emission was observed, leading to a responsive chemical sensing application. A simple analytical method for Cu2+ detection was developed, utilizing the quenching effect on the cathodic ECL emission of DMSA-CdTe QDs. This followed the behavior of the fluorescence (FL) quenching principle, described by the Stern–Volmer equation (Equation 8.14), an expression relating FL quenching to the concentration of the quenching substance: I0I=1+Ksv×Q
Potential protective roles of curcumin against cadmium-induced toxicity and oxidative stress
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Jae Hyeon Park, Byung Mu Lee, Hyung Sik Kim
Cadmium poisoning requires immediate medical care. It is beneficial for people to undergo emesis or gastric lavage when exposed to Cd via ingestion. BAL (British Anti-Lewisite, dimercaprol), DMSA (2,3-dimercapto-succinic acid), DMPS (2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and chelating agents are used to treat Cd toxicity (Bernhoft 2013). For heavy metal intoxication, BAL and its analogs, such as DMPS and DMSA, are employed as antidotes. Unlike DMSA, DMPS may be transported into the intracellular compartments and act as a chelator. As a DMSA ester analog, MiADMSA is a lipophilic, water-soluble chelating agent that accesses various endogenous ligands, and is superior to its parent compound (Mehta, Pant, and Flora 2006). MiADMSA can effectively remove extra- and intracellular Cd, and is less toxic than DMSA and DMPS, which can only chelate extracellularly distributed Cd (Bakka, Aaseth, and Rugstad 1981; Flora et al. 2012; Jones et al. 1992). When MiADMSA and DMSA are co-administered at lower dose (0.15 mmol/kg), chelating agent therapy showed optimal depletion effects in a rat model (Bhadauria and Flora 2007). DMSA markedly reduces oxidative stress, in combination with N-acetylcysteine (Kannan and Flora 2006). Instead of N-acetylcysteine, biologically active compounds such as theaflavin, polyphenol, lycopene, and curcumin, which are naturally obtained from plants, may also be helpful in inhibiting oxidative stress attributed to Cd exposure (Al-Gnami 2014; Ibrahim et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2012b).
The detoxification of cadmium in Japanese quail by pomegranate peel powder
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi, Morteza Molavi Pordanjani, Majid Gholami-Ahangaran, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
The primary mechanisms in metal poisoning are oxidative stress and free radical formation (Lopes et al. 2016). The free oxygen radicals are highly active and very mobile. Therefore, they immediately initiate chain reactions and damage proteins, fats, and DNA (Malekirad et al. 2019). Oxidative stress and free radicals resulting from exposure to toxic metals, e.g. Cd, Fe, and Pb, alter cellular gene expression, ultimately leading to cell proliferation and increasing the tumor potential (Subastri et al. 2018). In the poisoned animal or human, liver, nerve, or kidney cell damage may occur (Shariatifar et al. 2020; Karimi et al. 2021). Oxygen-free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS), formed in all aerobic organisms, have various essential roles. Nonetheless, some of them can potentially cause damage (oxidative damage) to biomolecules, resulting in the development and progression of certain diseases, especially cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s (Alkadi 2020). Different technologies have been utilized to remove a toxic element from diets, e.g. applying chelators and trapping free radicals by psychobiotic and synthetic antioxidants. The use of nanoparticles, traditional and new chelating agents, and combination therapy can be considered in removing Cd from a biological system. Chelating agents such as Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Penicillamine (DPA), Dimercaprol, Dithiocarbamates, Meso 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (Succimer, DMSA), and New DMSA analogs can be used to reduce toxic concentrations in the body (Rahimzadeh et al. 2017). Nanoparticles, e.g. Al2O3 and Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), remove Cd ions from biological solution systems (Gadhave 2014). Plasma exchange-hemodialysis-plasmapheresis can be helpful in heavy-metal toxicity (Russi and Marson 2011).