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Basic Chemical Hazards to Human Health and Safety — I
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
Organophosphorous pesticides are composed of phosphorus esterified to some organic compound such as glucose or sorbitol. Organophosphorus pesticides such as Azodrin, DDVP, Diazinon, Malathion, Methyl Parathion, Parathion, Phosdrin, and TEPP, bind up, or inhibit, cholinesterases that are important to the nervous system at the synapses resulting in paralysis. [Note: Some of these are registered trademarks.] Though they are highly toxic, they are low in persistence. The pyrethroids, Bioresmethrin, Cypermethrin, Pyrethium, and Resmethrin, also affect the nervous system, leading to paralysis. A similar group of cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides are the carbamates, which are neutral esters of carbamic acid: Baygon, Carbaryl (Sevin trademark), Maneb, Matacil, Temik, Zectran, and Zineb. Some of these compounds may be detectable in a fat biopsy or as an irregular liver function indicted in a SGPT blood test. Yet, neither of these indicator tests is as simple nor direct as delta cholinesterase testing.
Synthetic Pyrethroids
Published in Fina P. Kaloyanova, Mostafa A. El Batawi, Human Toxicology of Pesticides, 2019
Fina P. Kaloyanova, Mostafa A. El Batawi
The harvesting period for synthetic pyrethroids varies from 0 to 14 d. Synthetic pyrethroids are easily decomposed in the environment (for 1 to 3 weeks), especially by ultraviolet radiation and higher temperature. Roberts et al. found that in sandy clay and sandy loam soils, Cypermethrin degraded for 4 and 2 weeks, respectively.1
Effects of sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin on the gills of Lake Van Fish (Alburnus tarichi)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Cypermethrin exerts its lethal effects by blocking the Na channels in the nervous systems of insects. Although it has been stated that cypermethrin has low-level toxic effects on non-target organisms, such as mammals and birds, it has been reported to have highly toxic effects on aquatic organisms. In recent years, the effects of cypermethrin in fish have been studied in detail, and it has been found to exert significant harmful behavioural [3,4], embryonic developmental [1,5], biochemical [6,7], histopathological [7–10], and osmoregulation [11,12] effects on fish. Cypermethrin also has endocrine-disrupting effects in fish [13].
Health risk assessment of residential exposure to cypermethrin among young children in agricultural communities in northeastern Thailand
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Satinee Siriwat, Parichat Ong-artborirak, Thitirat Nganchamung, Mark Gregory Robson, Wattasit Siriwong
Cypermethrin is an important commercially available pyrethroid insecticide. Residential use of insecticides is common in Thailand (Heudorf and Angerer 2001; Hanchenlaksh et al.2011). Cypermethrin primarily acts on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in the nervous system (Wielgomas et al.2013). The effects of pyrethroid exposure may include contact dermatitis, sweating, diaphoresis, lacrimation, diarrhea, salivation, and headache (Etzel and Balk 2003; USEPA 2013). Evidence has shown that residential exposure to cypermethrin can lead to adverse health effects in children. Particularly, young children aged 1–3 years may be a high-risk group for cypermethrin exposure via multiple routes. Children may be exposed to, and more severely affected by, pesticides through dermal contact, as they have a greater skin surface area per kg body weight than adults. Young children spend much of their time on the floor or ground; thus, they are very likely to make contact with residential pesticide residues (Curwin 2006; USEPA 2008). The activities and behaviors of young children are different from those of older children, and include pica, playing on farms, soil contact, and spending time in the house. In addition, a high rate of insecticide poisoning has been reported among young children under 4 years of age in Thailand (Siripanich 2014). Consequently, the health risks posed by pesticides in a residential setting are cause for concern, especially in young children in agricultural communities. However, health risk assessments based on the residential exposure to insecticides among young children in Thailand are lacking. This study aimed to identify factors associated with cypermethrin exposure and preliminarily assess the health risks associated with dermal exposure to cypermethrin among young children in agricultural communities.