Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antimicrobial Resistance, Climate Change, and Public Health
Published in Suhaib A. Bandh, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbial Diversity, 2023
Although parasites are integral components of an ecosystem, but pathogenesis duly happens in the host when infected by a parasitic species, accordingly the host is designated as a single infection host or mixed infection host. The control and treatment strategies against parasitic infections are not as much effective as they should be due to varieties of evasion strategies employed by parasites ranging from hiding in masked body sites, cryptobiosis (as of tardigrades), or hypobiosis (as of Haemonchus), or immune-evasion (as of Plasmodium and Leishmania), or immune-suppression (as of schistosomes) or antigenic variation (as of trypanosomes) or even mimicking the body components (as of nematodes) to avoid efficacy of antiparasitic drugs. We rather focus on parasite treatments but lack advances and adequacy in the management of parasitic infections which otherwise never want to disturb or destroy their hosts except for few calories of energy obeying the laws of thermodynamics. Although, we know that parasitic infections can cause major economic losses worldwide as a consequence of mortality of infected host animals, reduced weight gains, and other kinds of associated morbidity, however, the case is not generalized but differs across the parasite species across the various parts of the world. The general observation is that the developing world is relatively more affected than the developed world due to better cleanliness and hygiene, advanced husbandry conditions, and lifestyle to ward off parasitic infections.
Health Aspects of Using Reclaimed Water in Engineering Projects
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Many of the helminths that can initiate diseases in man and animal are found in wastewater. Helminths may be divided into two main groups, roundworms or nematodes and flatworms. The flatworms are further subdivided into tapeworms or cestodes, and flukes or trematodes. The tapeworms are segmented while the flukes have flat unsegmented bodies. The route of transmission of flukes is normally via the eggs (ova), which may be deposited in the soil, water, or on vegetables, and transferred to the victim by either direct or indirect means. The ova, or sometimes the larvae, are generally discharged with feces. Exceptions to this pattern are the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium (the agent of urinary schistosomiasis), which are discharged with urine, and the eggs of guineaworm, which are released through the ruptured skin of the infected individuals. The eggs can survive for prolonged periods of time. Many types of parasitic worms may infect the intestine of man and, with time and repeated infections, can result in impaired function of the intestines and other organs in the body.8
Ancillary Substances
Published in Robert H. Kadlec, Treatment Marshes for Runoff and Polishing, 2019
Parasites include protozoa and helminths. In the United States, the two protozoa of special interest are Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. The former is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States (Maier et al., 2000). The later was implicated in an outbreak in 1993 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in which over 400,000 people were infected. Giardia is of especial interest in connection with wetlands, because beavers and muskrats are believed to be reservoirs of infection. Worldwide, Ascaris lumbricoides is the most prevalent parasitic infection, with an estimated 22% of the world population affected (Maier et al., 2000). Adult Ascaris are roundworms that inhabit the intestine, but they are ingested as eggs. Two other prevalent infectious worms are Trichuris trichiuria and Taenia saginata, and these are of especial concern in warm climates.
In vitro antiprotozoal activity of poly(rhodanine)-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles against Trichomonas gallinae
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Mohammad Soleimani Lashkenari, Ali Nikpay, Maryam Soltani, Ali Gerayeli
Parasitism is a kind of symbiosis between two distinct species in which one species, called parasite, reaps its requirements from the other one (host). Parasitic organisms are highly diverse groups, evolved different strategies for infecting their hosts. Some of them can be found on the body surface of their hosts (ectoparasites, such as most parasitic arthropods), and some other infect their host internally (endoparasites) [1]. One of the parasites which is of veterinary and economic importance to treat called Trichomonas gallinae. This microscopic, single-celled protozoan causes avian trichomoniasis [2].