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Ancillary Substances
Published in Robert H. Kadlec, Treatment Marshes for Runoff and Polishing, 2019
Parasites include protozoa and helminths. In the United States, the two protozoa of special interest are Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. The former is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States (Maier et al., 2000). The later was implicated in an outbreak in 1993 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in which over 400,000 people were infected. Giardia is of especial interest in connection with wetlands, because beavers and muskrats are believed to be reservoirs of infection. Worldwide, Ascaris lumbricoides is the most prevalent parasitic infection, with an estimated 22% of the world population affected (Maier et al., 2000). Adult Ascaris are roundworms that inhabit the intestine, but they are ingested as eggs. Two other prevalent infectious worms are Trichuris trichiuria and Taenia saginata, and these are of especial concern in warm climates.
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Published in Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao, Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis, 2007
Because of the ability of Cryptosporidium species to infect humans and a wide variety of animals, and because of the ubiquitous presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the environment, humans can acquire Cryptosporidium infections through several transmission routes (Hunter and Nichols, 2002; Chapter 4). These include direct person-to-person or animal-to-person transmission and indirect waterborne and foodborne transmission, and the parasites can be of anthroponotic or zoonotic origin. The role of each transmission route in endemic areas, however, is frequently unclear because of the expensive nature of epidemiologic investigations and the inability to differentiate Cryptosporidium species by conventional microscopy.
The Science of Air Pollution
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
A parasite is an organism living on or within a different organism (the host) at the expense of the host organism. Common examples of parasites causing adverse health effects in humans are cryptosporidium and giardia; both may cause severe intestinal disorder (United States Center for Disease Control 2009). Exposure to these two parasites occurs by consuming affected water (United States Center for Disease Control 2009). In humans, giardia creates uncomfortable but curable gastrointestinal symptoms, whereas cryptosporidium can create lifelong gastrointestinal symptoms in persons with weak immune systems and may result in death.
αAu2S nanoparticles: Fungal-mediated synthesis, structural characterization and bioassay
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Asad Syed, Marzouq H. Al Saedi, Ali H. Bahkali, Abdallah M. Elgorgan, Mahesh Kharat, Kalpana Pai, John Pichtel, Absar Ahmad
Leishmania spp., an obligate intracellular parasite, causes a vector-borne infection known as leishmaniasis [35]. Paromomycin, pentamidine, miltefosine, amphotericin B, and pentavalent antimonials are some of the pharmaceuticals used to treat this parasitic infection. Unfortunately, due to the appearance of resistant parasites, these drugs require long-term administration and are of poor efficiency with several side effects [36]. Recent investigations have addressed the anti-leishmanial effects of certain NPs including Ag, Au, TiO2, ZnO, and MgO NPs on L. major [37]. Herein, we focused on the anti-leishmanial activity of bio-based Au2S against the promastigote and its cell-specificity. The potential cytotoxicity of Au2S NPs was evaluated against both normal and cancer (Daudi, ZR-75-1) cell lines. Intravenously administered drugs interact with erythrocytes, which may culminate in hemolysis [38]. These undesirable effects have limited the use of anti-leishmanial drugs such as miltefosine. Hence, hemolytic studies have been performed with biosynthesized Au2S.
Testing and surveillance strategies in the context of COVID-19 in India
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2020
Somdatta Karak, Surabhi Srivastava, Rakesh K Mishra
Zoonotic diseases are animal-origin infections, caused by micro-organisms that spread between humans and other animals [5]. They may be caused by many pathogens such as parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Transmission of these pathogens from animals to humans and livestock can be through various routes including contaminated meat (wet markets, wildlife trade, feed, carcass handling), contamination of water, air and produce and via vectors such as insects and parasites. Even prior to the current pandemic, some of the earlier known coronaviruses have been transmitted from civet cats and dromedary camels although their spread has not been as prevalent. These viruses cause a range of diseases from mild cold to infections with high mortality such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) [6,7].
Optimization of the 503 antigen induction strategy of Leishmania infantum chagasi expressed in Escherichia coli M15
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Luan Tales Costa de Paiva Vasconcelos, Marcos Antônio Oliveira Filho, Vitor Troccoli Ribeiro, Jaciara Silva de Araújo, Francisco Canindé de Sousa Junior, Daniella Regina Arantes Martins, Everaldo Silvino dos Santos
Leishmaniosis comprises a complex of diseases with enormous clinical and epidemiological diversity caused by the protozoa of the genus Leishmania.[1] American visceral leishmaniosis (AVL) is the most severe form of the disease and can be fatal, if left untreated,[2] presenting as an infectious disease in 75 countries.[3] Approximately, 900,000–1.3 million new cases of the disease are estimated to occur annually, with approximately 20,000–30,000 deaths related worldwide. Thus, due to the expansion of the human population into jungle regions, is estimated that 350 million people are at risk of contracting any form of the disease.[4] However, there is no vaccine capable of preventing Leishmaniosis in humans nowadays and the available drugs are toxic and costly.[5] Despite advances in this subject, and different techniques for the diagnosis of Leishmaniosis, there is not yet a test that has a sensitivity of 100% for the detection of the AVL. There is a complex analysis, identifying the parasite through parasitological tests, since the symptoms are also mistaken with other diseases such as malaria, Chagas disease, tuberculosis, among others.