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Gas welding, cutting and plasma arc
Published in Andrew Livesey, Alan Robinson, The Repair of Vehicle Bodies, 2018
All cylinders containing gas at high pressure are fitted with a cylinder valve which must not be removed or tampered with at any time except to tighten the gland nut when necessary. Some cylinders have a security cap over the cylinder valve, indicating that they have been filled and checked. This cap is removed by rotating the hexagon nut in either direction using a regulator spanner: this will cause the cap to split for easy removal. To open the cylinder valve, rotate the spindle anticlockwise using the special spindle key. Some cylinders are fitted with hand wheels, obviating the need to use a spindle key. These cylinders, together with others which are fitted with valves, normally have valve guards or valve protection caps. Valve guards should not be removed. Valve protection caps should always be replaced after use.
Incident analysis of various sections of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plant
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2021
Nilambar Bariha, Vimal Chandra Srivastava, Indra Mani Mishra
In India, the LPG cylinder should be designed, manufactured and tested as per Indian standards [13,14] and the cylinders should be tested under the norms certified by BIS. Cylinders are fabricated using low carbon steel and manufactured in two ways such as a two-piece or three-piece cylinder. The domestic LPG cylinders are mainly fabricated in two pieces with arc welding in the middle of the cylinder circumference. Figure 2(a) represents the schematic layout of a two-piece LPG cylinder used for domestic purpose. The basic parts of LPG cylinder are equipped with the cylinder valve, collar/valve protected ring, valve pad and base ring [15]. Water capacity is 33.3 litres which is supplied by the state-owned oil companies.
Permeability variation and sensitivity of CO2 injection into coals under the control of effective stress and temperature
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Chen Guo, Jinxiao Yang, Qiang Sun, Jiang Gou, Junzhe Gao
A total of four experimental temperatures of 30, 50, 70, and 90 and five effective stresses of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9 MPa were set to perform permeability tests. The CO2 permeability under different temperatures and effective stresses was calculated according to Eq. (2). The test steps were as follows: The coal sample, which had been dried at 90°C for 12 h, was placed into the core holder inside the incubator. The temperature was increased to 30°C and allowed to stabilize for 1 h. Afterward, the confining pressure was adjusted to 2.55 MPa in the core holder.Once the temperature is stabilized, the cylinder valve is opened. Then, the pressure-adjusting valve is slowly adjusted to achieve the initial inlet pressure of 1 MPa. At this point, the gas flow is recorded at a steady state.Maintain the gas inlet pressure at 1 MPa, adding the confining pressure to 4.55, 6.55, 8.55, and 9.55 MPa, respectively, and record the corresponding gas flow rate at a steady state.After completing the test at the five effective stress points at 30°C, increase the temperature to 50, 70, and 90°C, successively, and repeat steps (2)–(4) at each temperature point until all the tests under the designed temperatures and effective stresses are completed.Finally, calculate the CO2 permeability under the above temperatures and effective stresses according to Eq. (2).
An overview of viscosity reduction techniques on hydrocarbon fluids
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Rakesh Kumar Sidheshware, S. Ganesan, Virendra Bhojwani
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) usually forms vapours at room temperature and it is converted into liquid under pressure inside the cylinder in order to increase the weight content of the LPG. When the cylinder valve is opened causes the liquid to vaporise as a result of a drop in cylinder pressure. A mixture of propane and butane by the mass ratio of 60:40 comprises LPG.