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Pressure Vessel Design Basics
Published in Subhash Reddy Gaddam, Design of Pressure Vessels, 2020
Notation: P – Pressure, t – Thickness, σ – StressPressure vessels: Pressure vessels are the containers of fluid static or flowing, internal and/or external under internal and/or external pressure.Closed pressure vessel: Closed vessels containing fluid under pressure are termed closed pressure vessels. Boilers and their components and heat exchangers with water or steam as the internal fluid (water tubes, steam drum, etc.) or external (fire tube, furnace tube, etc.) or both sides (tubes in steam feed water heaters) are specific types of pressure vessels.Open vessel: It is defined as the enclosure open to the atmosphere of spherical, cylindrical, rectangular, or other geometry or in combination, holding any material or fluid such as tanks, bunkers, chimneys, etc, which are under pressure due to static head or flow.
Safety Relief and Control Valves
Published in Ron Darby, Raj P. Chhabra, Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 2016
It is imperative that all pressure vessels be equipped with a relief device to prevent the pressure from exceeding the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the vessel, with the consequent rupture of the vessel and loss of containment of the contents. A typical installation is illustrated in Figure 11.1. Typical “worst case” scenarios that could result in excessive pressure buildup include runaway reactions, blockage of discharge lines, external fires, etc. A safety relief valve (SRV) is designed to open at a preset “set pressure” and close when the pressure drops below that pressure by a set amount (“blowdown”) in order to minimize the loss of containment. A rupture disk is sometimes used to relieve the vessel pressure, but when it ruptures virtually all of the vessel contents is lost. More detailed discussion of the selection, design, and operation of safety relief and control valves can be found in several books, e.g., CCPS, AIChE (1998), Cheremisinoff and Cheremisinoff (1987), Liptak (2006), etc.
Safety Test on Modified Combustor Casing
Published in Sashi Kanta Panigrahi, Niranjan Sarangi, Aero Engine Combustor Casing, 2017
Sashi Kanta Panigrahi, Niranjan Sarangi
A proof pressure test is a form of stress test to demonstrate the fitness of a pressure-loaded structural component of an aero engine. An individual proof test may apply only to the unit tested, or to its design in general for mass-produced items. Such a structure is often subjected to loads above that expected in actual use, demonstrating the safety and design margins. Proof testing is nominally a destructive test in case of an aero engine application. Proof tests are performed before a new design or unit is allowed to enter into service, or to perform additional uses, or to verify that an existing unit is still functional as intended. All pressure vessels/systems must be certified as safe to operate from a pressure viewpoint before use.
Establishment and application of a fatigue crack database for steel box girders
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Yihu Ma, Airong Chen, Benjin Wang
The data acquisition of fatigue cracks is the basis for that purpose, but it is quite difficult, if not impossible, to monitor all possible sites of fatigue cracks given the large-scale of the civil engineering works. In that case, the data source can be mainly based on the inspection reports. Following the standards or codes, the inspection is often carried out periodically with different intervals, as shown in Table 1. However, the applied crack detecting method is not regulated, and thus can vary from case to case. Generally, the visual inspection together with the photographic filing is the mainstream for the sake of the cost and feasibility on actual bridges. As an auxiliary way, the non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods, as applied on similar engineering projects like pressure vessels, vehicles, ships, and aerospace projects (Laurencas, Zilvinas, Vaidas, Andrius, & Ramunas, 2021), was also used for some critical details, e.g. the magnetic particle inspection and the ultrasonic inspection.
Grizzly and BlackBear: Structural Component Aging Simulation Codes
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2021
Benjamin W. Spencer, William M. Hoffman, Sudipta Biswas, Wen Jiang, Alain Giorla, Marie A. Backman
These SIFICs can be evaluated for a set of specific flaw geometries, and various techniques can be used to develop expressions for them over a range of parameters. This approach is adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which provides formulas for computing SIFICs for surface-breaking and subsurface (embedded) elliptical flaws in Sec. XI, Article A-3000 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.35 There are some additional complexities for handling the effects of the cladding for surface-breaking flaws, as described in Ref. 32. It should also be noted that the approach for embedded flaws used in the present work is based on the technique of Ref. 36 to compute coefficients used in 2013 and earlier versions of the ASME code.
The Design and Manufacturing of HL-2M Vacuum Vessel
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2021
Hong Ran, Binbin Song, Jilai Hou, Dangshen Zhang, Yuncong Huang, Le Tang, Qinwei Yang, Zen Cao, Xiaoqiang Wu
As the VV is symmetrical in the toroidal direction, the model of four sectors is built using the ANSYS code. The total number of model elements is 756 946, and the total number of model nodes is 996 919. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 2, is used for the VV as design criteria. Three main types of loads are introduced: (1) pressure test, (2) major disruption (MD), and (3) vertical displacement event (VDE).