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Valorization of Algal Spent Biomass into Valuable Biochemicals and Energy Resource
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Saravanan Vasanthakumar, K Greeshma, Muthu Arumugam
The use of organic solvents has so many hazards or disadvantages, especially when we talk about the food industry. Many are flammable (except chlorinated solvents), are carcinogenic (chlorinated solvents and aromatics), have higher vapor pressure (inhalation route), are narcotic (ether and chloroform), are toxic (methanol and carbon disulfide), are teratogens/mutagens (toluene), are peroxides (ethers), are smog formers, etc. The adoption of greener solvents is the only remedy to solve all issues concerned with human consumption and environmental safety. Bio-derived solvents, such as glycerol, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, γ-valerolactone, ethyl lactate, and cyclopentyl methyl ether, can be considered better alternatives in this context.
Evaluation of greener solvents for solid-phase peptide synthesis
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2021
Katarzyna Wegner, Danielle Barnes, Kim Manzor, Agnieszka Jardine, Declan Moran
Over the past 10 years several papers have reported the use of less hazardous solvents for SPPS which include the following greener solvents: water, cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (ACN), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (Me-THF) (4, 29), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (4, 30), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), γ-valerolactone (GVL) (31, 32), N-formylmorpholine (33) and most recently the use of N-butylpyrrolidinone (NBP), which is characteristically similar to NMP but is not classified as either reprotoxic or mutagenic (34, 35). The use of NBP has been reported by Novartis for the synthesis of octreotide, an eight amino acid peptide. Octreotide was successfully synthesized by Lopez et al. who report that with further optimization NBP could replace DMF in the manufacturing process of octreotide (22, 36). Rasmussen and Pawlas have also suggested that mixtures of greener solvents in peptide synthesis could enhance reagent and amino acid solubility and resin swelling properties in comparison with a single solvent system. In a recent publication, they detail the synthesis of a crude 6-mer which was synthesized in a higher yield and purity in DMSO/EtOAc (1:9 ratio) than in DMF and in addition, the EtOAc was recycled, by distillation, for further synthetic use (37). Cabri and co-workers also describe the benefits of binary solvent mixtures such as Cyrene/diethyl carbonate (30:70 ratio), sulfolane/diethyl carbonate (30:70 ratio), and anisole/dimethyl carbonate (70:30 ratio) which all exhibited good swelling properties for polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) resins as well as having the capability to dissolve a large proportion of amino acids (23).
Transesterification of used cooking oil at ambient temperature using novel solvent: experimental investigations and optimisation by response surface methodology
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Aman Kumar Bhonsle, Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Jayati Trivedi, Jasvinder Singh, Raj Kumar Singh, Neeraj Atray
Various biodiesel production processes have been explored in the literature using co-solvent. The study by Fadhil et al. (Fadhil, Nayyef, and Al-Layla 2020) used conventional alkali catalysed transesterification to produce a variety of biodiesel using different alcohol viz. methanol, ethanol and methanol/ethanol blend along using hexane and petroleum ether as co-solvent. Jesus et al. (Jesus et al. 2020) studied the biodiesel production from algal oil using 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran and cyclopentyl methyl ether as co-solvent. Taherkhani et al. (Taherkhani and Sadrameli 2018) used THF as a co-solvent to improve the in-situ transesterification process to produce biodiesel from linseed oil. Alhassan et al. (Alhassan et al. 2014) used acetone, diethyl ether and dichlorobenzene as co-solvent in the transesterification of cottonseed oil to produce biodiesel. The solid catalyst used along with co-solvent has also been used for biodiesel production (Singh, Yadav, and Sharma 2017; Roschat et al. 2016) but can have separation and reusability issue as it is always difficult to separate the solid catalyst owing to yield loss. Keeping in the view, it can be said that these are energy-intensive processes. In the present manuscript, we have produced biodiesel at ambient temperature conditions with a novel patented solvent as co-solvent (“IN731/DEL/2011 PROCESS FOR PREPARING FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER FROM FATTY ACID TRIGLYCERIDES” 2021). Further, we have used Response surface methodology (RSM) to optimise the biodiesel production process from using cooking oil by assessing parameters like methanol/oil ratio, temperature, catalyst, solvent amount and reaction time. The biodiesel produced from the optimum conditions was evaluated for its physicochemical properties against the standard ASTM and EN methods. The final product was further confirmed by Fourier transformation Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Gas chromatography.