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Heat and Power
Published in Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher, Introduction to Bioenergy, 2017
Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher
Plantations are around 7% of the world’s forest, however they produce around two thirds of the industrial wood. Perennial grasses (see Section 5.7) and short rotation crops of trees (Figure 8.7) now provide an increasing amount of feedstock for heat and power. Fast growing trees are also referred to as short rotation woody crops [15] and coppice is the cutting of trees and regrowth from low stump or stool. The production cycle in an energy plantation is 4–10 years; the interval from planting to first harvest and/or the time between harvests. Energy plantations may require relatively lower annual inputs once they are established, and a series of staggered plantings can create an essentially continuous supply of biomass.
Alternate Feedstocks
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
Regularly coppiced plantations will actually absorb more carbon dioxide than mature trees – since carbon dioxide absorption slows once a tree has grown. Growing crops for fuel, particularly wood coppice, offers very promising developments for the future. Short rotation arable coppicing, using fast-growing willows, is currently seen as an important source of fuel for electricity generation. The overall process involves several stages – growing over 2 or 3 years, cutting and converting to wood chip, storage, and drying, transport to a power plant for combustion. And the combustion process can be very efficient, given the development of advanced co-generation techniques.
Coppicing evaluation in the Southern USA to determine harvesting methods for bioenergy production
Published in International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2018
Rafael A. Santiago, Tom Gallagher, Mathew Smidt, Dana Mitchell
With coppicing and rapid growth, rotations can be reduced to 3 year-cycles for some species. Coppice enables certain tree species to naturally regenerate stems from the stump after harvest. Choosing this option will decrease expenditures by avoiding re-establishment costs (i.e. planting) while increasing the final yield of biomass (Ferm and Kauppi 1990). Coppice regeneration and sprout morphology vary greatly among tree species. Nevertheless, it has been proven that many external factors are also responsible for the regeneration response. These factors include: tree age at harvesting time, tree diameter, growing site, spacing, stump height, cutting equipment, stump damage, rotation length and harvesting season (Strong and Zavitkovskj 1983; Hytönen 1994; Dougherty and Wright 2012). Seasonal harvesting has been widely discussed and many studies have shown that the cutting season causes major impacts upon coppice regeneration of some SRWC species by compromising the re-sprouting capability of the stumps (Ceulemans et al. 1996; Strong and Zavitkovskj 1983; De Souza et al. 2016). Previous studies have shown that winter harvesting ensures better growth rates and stump survival (Hytönen 1994; Oppong et al. 2002), but little is known about potential effects of seasonality of harvesting on the physical formation and development of the coppiced stems.
Limitations for phytoextraction management on metal-polluted soils with poplar short rotation coppice—evidence from a 6-year field trial
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
E. Michels, B. Annicaerta, S. De Moor, L. Van Nevel, M. De Fraeye, L. Meiresonne, J. Vangronsveld, F. M. G. Tack, Y. S. Ok, Erik Meers
In this perspective, short rotation coppice (SRC) which consists of densely planted high yielding poplar and willow species can be harvested every 2–5 years to produce woody biomass. Willow and poplar species have already shown potential for extraction of trace metals such as Cd and Zn from polluted soils (Vervaeke et al.2003; Vandecasteele et al.2005; Hassinen et al.2009). Different field trials demonstrated the considerable varia tion in uptake of Cd and Zn in plant tissues between species, clones, and field conditions (Greger and Landberg 1999; Laureysens et al.2004a; Borišev et al. 2008; Ruttens et al.2011). Poplar clones planted on an alluvial soil and purple soil showed cadmium concentrations in the different poplar plant tissues of the same order (shoot>root>leaf) (Wu et al.2010). In another field trial, two Salicaceae clones, Populus x generosa and Salix viminalis, had a biological concentration factor (BCF) that was higher for the leaves of both clones in comparison to the stems (Bissonnette et al.2010). Poplar clones, including Populus tremula and Picea abies, grown under field conditions displayed a significant increase of Cd and Zn in the foliage and wood in comparison to the soil. The Cd and Zn concentration in the foliage was almost always higher than that in the wood biomass (Hermle et al.2006). A large variety exist in biomass production across 13 poplar clones ranging from 4 up to 18 ton woody biomass/ha after 2-year growth (Laureysen et al.2005), but the uptake of Cd and Zn did mirror this variety. Wood biomass had a lower concentration of Cd and Zn than the leaves for all the clones. The transfer coefficient of leaves (foliar concentration vs. soil concentration) was remarkably high for Cd and Zn in comparison to other trace metals.