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Application of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) as Soft Actuators in Robotics and Bio-Mimetics
Published in Srijan Bhattacharya, Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites, 2022
A microgripper RCC device using IPMCs has been developed, as shown in Figure 4.18. The microgripper constructed by three IPMC fingers (size: 40 mm × 10 mm × 0.2 mm) can actuate in dry environments. These ionic strips were custom-made, and each ionic strip weighed 0.2 g in the ideal condition. These strips were attached to a Perspex sheet by packing tape. The platinum sides of the strip were connected with wires by copper tape. These wires were connected to a signal amplifier driven with PCI software through a compatible PC. In the compatible PC, output DAC was inserted for converting the digital data into analog data. A trans-amplifier with a power supply was used to amplify the signal output. The computer code generated various waveforms such as sinusoidal, square, triangular and saw tooth signals at desired frequencies and amplitudes of up to 10 V. One end of top thick ionic strip (40 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm) was attached to the RCC device, and the other end was held in a holding device. The input voltage was given to the top thick ionic strip separately. The three fingers were activated by the DAC for holding the thermocol object along with peg, and subsequently, the top ionic strip was separately operated for lifting the object. During this operation, a dial gauge was placed for measuring the peg insertion depth. The depth of peg insertion allows for misalignment during the operation that occurs. For the measurement of misalignment/orientation angle, suitable slip gauges were placed at the bottom.
Wearable Metamaterial Antennas for Communication, IOT and Medical Systems
Published in Albert Sabban, Wearable Systems and Antennas Technologies for 5G, IOT and Medical Systems, 2020
Herwansyah Lago, Ping Jack Soh, Guy A. E. Vandenbosch
Next, a dual-band antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) was designed in [10] for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications using cotton jeans as substrate. Pure copper tape was used to form the conductive elements. An artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is used to enhance the performance of the antenna. The result shows a gain of 5.12 dB at 2.45 GHz and a gain of 3.97 dB at 5.8 GHz. Wearable antennas for wearable protective clothing operating in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) bands have been presented in [5]. Aramid-based fibers are used as substrate in order to ensure its robustness against high temperatures. Flectron is used to form the patch and ground plane. The antenna shows an acceptable performance with a bandwidth of 100 MHz, a gain of 4.4 dB and 47% of efficiency. Finally, three textile patch antennas were designed for WLAN application in [11] for various cotton and polyester clothing. Copper is applied as patch and ground plane. The first antenna uses wash cotton as substrate. Its impedance bandwidth is 148 MHz with a gain and efficiency of 7.22 dBi and 63%, respectively. Next is a curtain cotton as substrate, resulting in a gain of 7.52 dBi with 61% of efficiency and 128 MHz of impedance bandwidth. Finally, a polycot as substrate yields 152 MHz of bandwidth with a gain of 9.623 dBi and an efficiency of 70%. Table 8.1 shows the comparison of several textile materials used as substrate in [11].
Antennas for WPT Systems
Published in Taimoor Khan Nasimuddin, Yahia M.M. Antar, Elements of Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer Systems, 2020
Taimoor Khan Nasimuddin, Yahia M.M. Antar
Ando et al. [28] proposed a folded spiral antenna based on the self-resonant spiral antenna that has folded structure with conductors of different diameters for WPT. By using the proposed structure, a maximum efficiency was achieved without using a matching circuit. Numerical simulations demonstrated that by using the proposed structure, the efficiency can be maintained above 80% up to a 3.3 times increase in transfer distance. Nakamura et al. [29] proposed a tape-wound dielectric-loaded spiral antenna for coupled resonant WPT to realize low-frequency high-efficiency power transmission. This antenna was fabricated by lap winding a copper tape and a dielectric tape. Because of the tape structure and the dielectric loading effect, the self-resonant frequency decreased by 30.8%, which enables us to decrease the loss in an RF power source.
Design of 3D Printed Multi-Wavelength DRA
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2021
Pramod Kumar, Swati Vaid, Shailendra Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Amitesh Kumar, Santanu Dwari
An adhesive copper tape is used for forming conductive layers that are used to make the ground plane and inner wall of horn. The length and height of the rectangular DR are (L) 5 mm and (H) 5.3 mm. A 50 Ω coaxial probe is used to energize the DRA from the center. The inner pin height of the probe (PH) is 2.5 mm from the top of the substrate layer. The ungrounded conical horn surrounding the DRA improves its gain. The lower and upper radius of the conical horn are = 12 mm and = 22 mm respectively. The height of the horn is 8 mm (HH) is maintained. Expansion of the parameter abbreviations, with their final values is given in the caption of Figure 2.
Mechanical and electrical behaviors of self-sensing nanocomposite-based MWCNTs material when subjected to twist shear load
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2021
Mohammed Al-Bahrani, Aissa Bouaissi, Alistair Cree
The electrical measurement of the samples was measured via two-point probe technique by a digital multimeter type (keithley 2100) at room temperature. The samples dimensions were 30 × 10 × 10 mm3. After calculating the actual electrical resistance of the specimen resistance, the electrical conductivity (σ) of the nanocomposite samples was calculated using the following Eq. (1): where L is the length, R is the resistance, and A is the cross-sectional area of the nanocomposite specimen. On both ends of the specimens, the copper tape was used as electrodes. In addition, a high purity conductive silver paint was also used in order to minimize the contact resistance between both ends and the electrodes. In order to analyze the electro-mechanical performance of the MWCNTs/phenolic nanocomposite, a torsion test was performed at room temperature using a 5000 N load cell universal testing machine (Instron 5582, USA). A set of three square shape specimens for each MWCNTs concentration with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 35 mm3 were tested with a constant crosshead speed of 1 mm/min to determine the mechanical properties. For the cyclic torsion test, three different strain amplitudes of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% under three different strain rates (i.e., 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 min−1) were performed to investigate the effect of those test parameters on the nanocomposite piezoresistive properties.
Multi-material additive manufacturing of low sintering temperature Bi2Mo2O9 ceramics with Ag floating electrodes by selective laser burnout
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2020
Reza Gheisari, Henry Chamberlain, George Chi-Tangyie, Shiyu Zhang, Athanasios Goulas, Chih-Kuo Lee, Tom Whittaker, Dawei Wang, Annapoorani Ketharam, Avishek Ghosh, Bala Vaidhyanathan, Will Whittow, Darren Cadman, Yiannis C. Vardaxoglou, Ian M. Reaney, Daniel S. Engstrøm
The BMO dielectric properties are appealing for radio frequency (RF) applications due to its high permittivity, for device miniaturisation, and low loss. A conventional microstrip was designed to demonstrate that the SLB process can form functional devices. For RF circuits 50 Ohms transmission line sections are commonly used to transfer electrical signals around the circuit. The appropriate microstrip line dimensions were calculated using the design equations presented by (Bahl and Garg 1977) assuming a substrate permittivity of 33.81 and a substrate thickness of 3 mm. The calculated characteristic impedance of the transmission line was 48.6 Ohms. A BMO substrate (20 mm × 20 mm × 3 mm) was prepared by the SLB process with a printed Ag transmission line (0.5 mm wide and 0.2 mm high). Copper tape acted as the ground plane, SMA connectors were mounted with super glue and a highly conductive silver ink (σ = 3.33 × 106) was then used to obtain electrical connection between the SMA outer sheath to the copper tape ground plane and the SMA inner signal pin to the silver transmission line. The SMA connectors allow the transmission line performance to be measured by the vector network analyser.