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Validation of Primary Packaging, Inspection and Secondary Packaging Processes
Published in James Agalloco, Phil DeSantis, Anthony Grilli, Anthony Pavell, Handbook of Validation in Pharmaceutical Processes, 2021
Regardless of the level of automation incorporated into the inspection process, individual characteristics of the product will influence the design of the inspection process. Some of the factors to be considered include: container glass—molded versus tubing vial; flint versus amber glass.container type—vial; ampoule; syringe; cartridge.container volume.contents—clear colorless solution; opalescent solution; suspension; emulsion; viscosity; surface tension.
Solid Waste Source Reduction and Recycling
Published in Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell, Waste Management and Resource Recovery, 2017
Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell
Cullet use levels of 80% to 90% or greater are commonplace in many countries, particularly in Germany and Switzerland. In the United States, cullet utilization rates are lower, commonly 10% to 40%. The lack of consistent supplies of quality cullet inhibits the glass manufacturing industry in the United States from utilizing greater quantities. Contaminants have become a major concern because workers in large recycling programs are unable to carefully sort out unacceptable materials such as ceramics, heat- resistant cookware, light bulbs, metal rings and lids, porcelain, mixed color cullet, and noncontainer glass. Ceramics and heat-resistant cookware, for example, melt at temperatures higher than those in a glass furnace. These materials are partially melted into stones which become foreign objects imbedded in a container, causing weak spots and rendering the container unusable. Metals melt at the same or lower temperatures than glass, and can form molten metal pools at the bottom of the furnace, eventually corroding the furnace and potentially causing millions of dollars in damage. Noncontainer glass differs chemically and melts at higher temperatures than container glass. The result can be stresses, variations in container color, and a finished container which is weak (Central States Glass Recycling Program, 1991).
F, 9]
Published in Alina Kabata-Pendias, Barbara Szteke, Trace Elements in Abiotic and Biotic Environments, 2015
Alina Kabata-Pendias, Barbara Szteke
A high proportion of F goes to the aluminum industry and to steel industries, mainly as hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrofluoric acid. It is also greatly used in glass, ceramic, and plastic production. Most feldspar consumed by the glass industry is for the manufacture of container glass. Because of environmental initiatives, fiberglass consumption for thermal insulation is forecast to expand steadily. Domestic feldspar consumption has been shifting from ceramics toward glass markets. Another growing segment in the glass industry is solar glass. As a highly oxidizing element, F is broadly used in various chemical processes. Fluorine is a common compound of freon gases and chlofluorocarbons used for the refrigeration.
Pilot-scale, on-site investigation of crushed recycled glass as tertiary filter media for municipal lagoon wastewater treatment
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Rena D. Salzmann, Joe N. Ackerman, Nazim Cicek
Glass containers are widely used for food, beverage and cosmetics packaging, accounting for approximately 98% of the total waste glass generation [1]. Glass packaging waste can be continually recycled into new glass containers, without any loss of quality or purity. This process requires waste glass to be cleaned, separated by colour and crushed to cullet – crushed recycled glass suitable for remelting. Cullet is then mixed with virgin materials and melted to produce new glass packaging products. The addition of cullet reduces both the amount of raw materials and energy required for container glass production [2–4]. Every tonne of recycled glass remanufactured into container glass saves 315 kg of CO2, which includes transportation and processing emissions [5]. Despite the benefits of closed-loop glass recycling, there are many obstacles to that process.
Stochastic programming approaches for an energy-aware lot-sizing and sequencing problem with incentive
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Antoine Perraudat, Stéphane Dauzère-Pérès, Scott Jennings Mason
Generation of parameters. The computational study is inspired from the glass industry, which is known to be an energy-intensive industry (Worrell 2008). In actual systems that manufacture container glass, modern production lines are able to produce about ‘200 containers’ per minute (Worrell 2008). Assuming that on average a container weights 0.3 kg, one lot of 200 containers weights 60 kg. In the report, it is also indicated that producing one ton of container glass requires at least 2000 kWh for the manufacturing process. If 2000 kWh are required for one ton, it is assumed that 2 kWh are required for one kg and consequently, 120 kWh for a lot. It is also assumed that the only source of energy that is used is electricity, which implies that energy costs represent about 30–50% of the total cost. Based on Worrell (2008), Tables 2 and 3 illustrate how parameters are randomly generated for simulating different products in the glass industry.
Prospects and physical limits of processes and technologies in glass melting
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2019
The earlier decrease (1930–1970) in the above compilation was due chiefly to progress in the field of refractory materials allowing the use of increased processing temperatures. While a glass furnace in 1930 had a lifetime as short as just 1 to 1.5 years, lifetimes well beyond 10 years are now standard. The significant further decrease (1970–1990) was due mainly to systematic use of recycled cullet. Depending on the glass color, 30% to 70% and often up to 90% of cullet is used in the container glass category while 25% is a typical level for flat glass. Thus, both the development of refractory materials and the use of cullet must be considered as the two major milestones in energy saving. Lately [1,2], a benchmark survey on >130 container glass furnaces was presented. Energies were normalized to 50% cullet and to the primary energy equivalent of oxygen production for oxy-fuel furnaces. The ranking yielded the following: