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Markets for Thermoplastic Elastomers
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Elastomer Technology Handbook, 2020
The plastics industry in the U.S. has its roots in the 1860s, when cellulose nitrate first was developed by John Wesley Hyatt. This was parallel to the development several years earlier by English inventor Alexander Parkes of dried collodion that produced a material to waterproof fabric. Collodion was a cellulose solution in an alcohol-ether mixture, and the solid residue that was left after the evaporation of the solvent produced the elastic, waterproof substance.6 Collodion also was used by Hyatt in an 1869 patent to coat billiard balls, as an alternative to ivory.
Cleaning of Organic Objects and Materials
Published in Radko Tiňo, Katarina Vizárová, František Krčma, Milena Reháková, Viera Jančovičová, Zdenka Kozáková, Plasma Technology in the Preservation and Cleaning of Cultural Heritage Objects, 2021
Radko Tiňo, Katarina Vizárová, František Krčma, Milena Reháková, Viera Jančovičová, Zdenka Kozáková
The collodion and gelatin silver prints have a layered structure, which consists of a silver image (Ag in gelatin or collodion), baryta layer and paper support (Lavedrine, 2009, Martins et al., 2012). The collodion is a solution of cellulose nitrate dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether. Collodion was employed in the photography process from 1850 onward, as a binder for photosensitive silver halide salts to glass and, later, to paper.
Dry gelatin ‘Photo-mechanical’ plates – their significance in the evolution of scientific & technical photography
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
Two main binder types are referenced in this work and a good summary of the characteristics of these can be found in photographic reference works [1]. The first is used to make wet collodion plates where collodion is a flammable solution of nitrocellulose in a mixture of diethyl ether and alcohol. Particularly in photo-mechanical work where light was at a premium it was most commonly used wet as when dried the resultant film was much less sensitive to light [2]. It therefore had to be exposed and chemically processed within minutes of being coated and during that time the plate remained inconveniently sticky.