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Methacrylate Esters via the Homogeneous Carbonylation of 2-Bromopropene
Published in John R. Kosak, Thomas A. Johnson, Catalysis of Organic Reactions, 2020
Robert A. DeVries, Robert T. Klun, John W. Hull, Kim A. Felty
The organic base is recovered by treating the aqueous wash with an inexpensive inorganic base, such as caustic, to form sodium bromide and free the organic base. The sodium bromide can then be chlorinated as in typical brine processes to generate bromine. The recovered bromine could subsequently be converted to hydrogen bromide by catalytic hydrogenation and recycled to the process.
Principles of Groundwater Contamination
Published in David H.F. Liu, Béla G. Lipták, Paul A. Bouts, Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution, 2019
David H.F. Liu, Béla G. Lipták, Paul A. Bouts
Bromide (Br) is present in synthetic organic dyes, mixed petrochemical wastes, photographic supplies, and pharmaceutical and inorganic wastes. Other forms of bromide such as bromate and bromic acid occur naturally in soils at smaller concentrations. Most bromide salts (CaBr, MgBr, NaBr, and Kbr) are soluble and readily leachable into water percolating through the soil and down to groundwater (U.S. EPA 1983).
Electric Vehicles
Published in Ali Emadi, Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives, 2017
Zinc-Bromide. The zinc-bromide battery was developed by Johnson Controls. The battery stores electricity by plating zinc onto a surface and then unplating it. A bromide electrolyte solution, which is 80% water, is pumped through the battery to cause the plating and unplating reactions. Pure bromide is extremely toxic. Safety issues were raised about the battery in a 1992 EV race when it was involved in an accident. A hose that carries the bromide electrolyte became unconnected from the battery and leaked onto the race track, releasing irritating fumes.
Impacts of chloride-form anion exchange seawater regeneration performance
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Daniel A. Whalen, Steven J. Duranceau
The use of seawater sources for regeneration are unlike the traditional methods that rely on highly processed, high-quality brine solutions would be expected to also yield undesired ion leakage due to the incidental exchange of competing ions during the regeneration process. Similar ion leakage has been observed in reused brine solutions [18]. The ionic composition of seawater contains an array of additional ions that have the potential to compete for exchange sites on IX resin, impacting the equilibrium and kinetic reactions taking place during regeneration. Funasaki [19] identified changes to equilibrium and kinetic reactions under variable salt conditions, which is typical of high concentrations of sodium- or chloride-form regenerant solutions. Seawater contains bromide, thus leading to potential bromide leakage when used as a regenerant for AIX processes. Increased bromide content can lead to the formation of brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in potable water treatment. It is known that bromide reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) and disinfectants to form brominated DBPs [20–23]. Szczuka et al. [24] and Liu et al. [25] identified brominated DBP formation from a saline water source due to elevated levels of bromide. Ged & Boyer [26] also investigated the correlation between seawater intrusion and increased brominated DBPs. It appears then, that there is a need to further explicate the equilibrium and kinetic reactions of bromide adsorption during AIX seawater regeneration.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Based on their mode of action, flame retardants can act at any of the four steps involved in the combustion process, and prevent their occurrence. One of the effective methods is to capture free radicals (highly oxidizing agents) that are produced during the burning process, which are essential for flame propagation. Halogens are very efficient in capturing free radicals, hence removing the ability of the flame to propagate. All four halogens are effective in eliminating free radicals, and trapping efficiency increases with the size of the halogen (i.e. lowest efficiency F < Cl < Br < I highest efficiency) and organo-halogen compounds are a good form to use as finishes for supply and delivery of halogens to be used as flame retardants (Alaee, Arias, Sjödin, & Bergman, 2003). But not all halogens can be used for this purpose. Iodine compounds have low stability and decompose readily at slightly elevated temperatures. They also have relatively-high cost. By contrast, fluorinated compounds are very stable and decompose at much higher temperature than most organic matter burns, delivering their halogens too late to be effective in the flame-inhibiting process. Both iodine and fluorinated compounds are therefore virtually precluded from being used as fire retardants (Lewin, Atlas, & Pearce, 1982) and only organo-chlorine and organo-bromine compounds are used as flame retardants. Between the two, organo-bromine compounds have higher trapping efficiency and lower decomposition temperatures and are thus became the most-popular in flame retardants; by the early 2000s, the statistics indicated that about 25% of all flame retardants contained bromine (Andersson, Oberg, & Orn, 2006) and more than 75 different aliphatic, aromatic and cyclo-aliphatic compounds were being used as brominated flame retardants (Alaee et al., 2003). Bromine, a reactive element, is mostly found in the form of inorganic salts of the alkalis and alkaline earth metals, mainly in seawater, saline lakes, in brine and in sediment in the earth’s crust. The production of bromine starts with an oxidation of bromide with chlorine followed by an absorption and purification process. As per a 2007 survey, the United States was the largest producer of bromine followed by Israel, but China too has a rich source of bromine (US Geological Survey, 2007, 2009).