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Herbicides
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Persistent herbicides may cause long-lasting and unexpected contamination. Clopyralid is a growth-regulator-type herbicide used for the control of broad-leaved species. It was used on sugar beet that was later fed to cattle with the resulting manure containing sufficient residues to contaminate crops on which it was subsequently spread.[80] The persistence of clopyralid in compost and mulches was also demonstrated in the United States.[81] The same problem occurred with the related compound aminopyralid, an auxinic herbicide registered for the control of broad-leaved weeds on grassland and rangeland. Grass treated with aminopyralid persisted in the silage for more than 1 year. Cattle or horses fed with the hay produced contaminated manure toxic to receiving crops.[82]
Turfgrass Weeds and PGR Use
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Clopyralid (Lontrel), triclopyr (Turflon), and various combinations with other herbicides also are alternatives to phenoxy herbicides for broadleaf weed control. Triclopyr belongs to the picolinic acid herbicide family. Compounds in this family are noted for their high degree of activity. These herbicides are up to 10 times more potent than 2,4-D on certain broadleaf weed species. They are rapidly absorbed by the roots and foliage of broadleaf plants, and are readily translocated throughout the plants via both xylem and phloem tissues. Problems with this herbicide family include its soil mobility and the extreme ornamental sensitivity. Clopyralid also is one of the newer members of this herbicide family. It is currently marketed in a mixture with triclopyr (Confront) for use on labeled cool- and warm-season turfgrasses. Clopyralid is especially effective on leguminous plants (nitrogen producing) such as black medic, clover, kudzu, lespedeza, and vetch. Penoxsulam (LockUp) is the most recently introduced broadleaf herbicide. It is noted for control of English daisy, Florida betony, and dollarweed and better turf tolerance. It is also formulated as a granule.
Pesticide removal from drinking water sources by adsorption: a review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2019
Stephanie Cosgrove, Bruce Jefferson, Peter Jarvis
Clopyralid is a synthetic herbicide which affects cell elongation and respiration of the target weed [74]. The pesticide mimics a specific type of plant hormone, the auxin class, which is essential for plant growth. Clopyralid is used for the control of broad-leaved weeds [75,76]. It has a structure based around the pyridine molecule [76]. Clopyralid is acidic and under most natural environmental pH conditions and is likely to be found in its anionic form [77]. Its acidic nature means that the solubility in water of clopyralid is dependent upon pH. Due to its low Kd value of 0.071 mL/g (Table 3), clopyralid does not adsorb well to soil particles and is highly mobile with the potential to contaminate groundwater [81] and surface water. The low Koc (5 mL/g) coupled with its low Kow value (−2.63) indicates that organic matter will not be a suitable adsorbent for the removal of clopyralid and that the pesticide will have a strong preference towards being in the water phase.