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Herbicides
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Herbicides exhibit different mechanisms of action.[1,3] They include disruption of photosynthesis (uracils, substituted ureas, and triazines), inhibition of lipid biosynthesis (carbamothioates such as EPTC [s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate], triallate, clethodim, fluazifop, and metolachlor), inhibition of cell division (dinitroanilines such as trifluralin and pendimethalin), plant hormone mimics (the phenoxy herbicide 2,4-D, MCPA, the benzoic acid dicamba, and the picolinic acid picloram), inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis (glyphosate, sulfonyl ureas including metsulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron, imidazolinones including imazethapyr), blockage of carotenoid biosynthesis (clomazone), and disruption of cell membranes (acifluorfen and bipyridylium compounds such as diquat and paraquat). Other herbicides such as glufosinate ammonium act by inhibiting glutamine synthetase, thus leading to a complete breakdown of ammonia metabolism in affected plants. Uncouplers of oxidation phosphorylation, such as the widely used bromoxynil, interfere with plant respiration.
Toxicological evaluation of the herbicide Palace® in Drosophila melanogaster
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Mayara B. Leão, Débora F. Gonçalves, Gabriela M. Miranda, Giovanna M. X. da Paixão, Cristiane L. Dalla Corte
Another auxinic herbicide, picloram, is extensively used in the control of dicotyledonous invasive plants in pastures and crop fields (Fairchild et al. 2009; Hofmann et al. 2015). Picloram exhibits long persistence in the environment, and may be detected in the soil up to 3 years after its application. This compound is stable to hydrolysis and anaerobic degradation with more than 90% of undegraded chemical found after 300 days of incubation. Tang et al. (2018) showed that picloram was frequently detected in various environments and resulted in contamination of groundwater and surface water. Similar to 2,4-D, picloram was also found at concentrations in the order of µg/L (Palma et al. 2004). It should be noted that picloram is used in combination with 2,4-D in agriculture (Hofmann et al. 2015).