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Testing and Analysis of Base Oils and Additives in Blending Plants
Published in R. David Whitby, Lubricant Blending and Quality Assurance, 2018
The flash point of an oil is the temperature at which the oil releases enough vapour at its surface to ignite when an open flame is applied. In methods IP 36 and ASTM D92 (the Cleveland open cup [COC] test), a test cup is filled with the sample to a specified level. The temperature is increased rapidly at first and then at a slow constant rate as the flash point is approached. At specified intervals, a small test flame is passed across the cup. When the concentration of vapours at the surface becomes great enough, exposure to an open flame will result in a brief flash as the vapours ignite. The temperature at which this happens is the flash point.
Laboratory Evaluation of Metalworking Fluids
Published in Jerry P. Byers, Metalworking Fluids, Third Edition, 2018
An open cup method, such as ASTM method D92 (Cleveland open cup) or D1310 (Tag open cup) can be used to determine both a flash point and a fire point. An open cup of oil is slowly heated at a controlled rate, while a small flame is passed over the cup at prescribed intervals. The flash point is the temperature at which a brief ignition of the vapors is first detected. The fire point is at some slightly higher temperature at which a sustained flame burns for at least 5 s.
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine sawdust (Pinus patula) with subsequent bio-oil transesterification for biodiesel production
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Denzel Christopher Makepa, Chido Hermes Chihobo, Downmore Musademba
The water content, ash content, viscosity, total acid number (TAN) and flash point of the bio-oil were evaluated. The water content of the bio-oil was determined according to ASTM D4377 using a BIOBASE Coulometric Karl Fischer Titrator. The ash content of the bio-oil was determined according to ASTM D482. The viscosity was determined according to ASTM D445 using a Shambavi Impex Saybolt Viscometer. The TAN was determined by titrating bio-oil in a solution of water, isopropyl alcohol, and toluene (volumetric ratio of water:isopropyl alcohol:toluene = 1:99:100) with 0.1 M KOH isopropyl alcohol solution to an endpoint of pH 11 (ASTM D664). A Corning 320 digital pH meter was used to determine the pH of the bio-oil sample. The bio-oil density was determined using ASTM D4052 standards. The Cleveland Open-Cup Flash Point Tester was used to find the bio-oil’s flash point (ASTM D92–18). The pour point of the bio-oil was measured according to ASTM D97-17b. All the experimental analyses were done in triplicate, with average results reported.
Environmental effect of CI engine using microalgae biofuel with nano-additives
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Vijayan Venkatraman, Sivachandran Sugumar, Saravanan Sekar, Sivakumar Viswanathan
Flash point is the least possible temperature at which the fuel will flash by an ignition source which differs inversely with the fuel’s volatility. The minimum flash point temperatures are essential for proper safety and handling of a diesel fuel. The flash point of a petroleum product is commonly determined by using a Cleveland open-cup apparatus. Initially, the test cup of the apparatus is filled to a definite level with a petroleum product. Then, the temperature of the petroleum product is improved rapidly and then at a slow and constant rate at the time attaining the theoretical flash point. The increase in the temperature will cause the petroleum product to begin to produce flammable vapor in increasing quantities and density. The lowermost temperature at which a small test flame passing over the surface of the liquid causes the vapor to ignite, which is considered as the petroleum products flash point. This apparatus can also be used to determine the petroleum products fire point, which is considered to have been reached when the application of the test flame produces at least five continuous seconds of ignition. Table 2 shows variation in the flashpoint of the biodiesel as a function of dosage level which indicates a successive decrease in the volatility of the fuel while increasing the quantity of additives.
Thickness dependence of dielectric properties and glass transition temperature of bitumen
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
T. Kara, D. Bozoglu, S. Yardım, B.D. Sitilbay, S. Yakut, D. Deger, K. Ulutas
Flash point and fire point test method is a dynamic method and this method which depends on definite rates of temperature increases. The flashpoint of petroleum products is determined by a manual Cleveland open cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland open cup apparatus. Initially, bitumen is heated up to 140°C. After that, approximately 70 ml of bitumen is filled into a test cup. At first, the temperature is increased rapidly and then the temperature rate decreases at a slower constant as the flashpoint is approached. When the flashpoint is determined at the test process, it corresponds to the lowest liquid temperature at which application of the test flame causing the vapours of the bitumen ignites.