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Coal
Published in Peter M. Schwarz, Energy Economics, 2023
Coal’s future depends upon clean coal technologies that will enable power plants to burn coal with lower emissions. Clean coal technologies include supercritical and ultra-supercritical plants that operate at much higher temperatures and so use less coal to produce electricity; carbon, capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS); and coal gasification that converts coal into a synthetic gas (syngas). Supercritical technology has become the standard for new coal plants; supercritical and ultra-supercritical plants are the standard in China. Syngas is an alternative to natural gas, and can be produced from many sources, including biomass as well as coal. One use is in combined-cycle plants. CCUS gets much attention as the necessary innovation if we are to build new coal plants that do not emit carbon, but to date the technology has required massive government subsidies, and the costs have been multiples of initial projections. We discuss the costs, risks, and prospects for clean-coal technologies further in Chapter 10 on next-generation technologies.
The Destiny of Carbon Constraints and Capacity Demands
Published in Mark A. Gabriel, Visions for a Sustainable Energy Future, 2020
The key to coal’s long-term viability as a fuel for power generation and a solution to the challenges of this megatrend lies in finding ways to reduce or even eliminate coal’s environmental impact of climate change through CO2 emissions. There are options. Clean coal technologies can reduce emissions and improve generating efficiencies. IGCC, mentioned in the previous section, is a key enabling technology for future coal-based power generation that essentially involves refining coal to produce a clean-burning gas. Combined with carbon sequestration, this option can help neutralize the impact of CO2 emissions from coal, in two broad approaches: Indirect sequestration involves the biological removal of CO2 from the ambient atmosphere, for example by planting trees. Direct sequestration involves the separation and capture of CO2 and disposal in deep saline aquifers. Carbon management may also involve reducing net CO2 emissions through carbon trading markets.
Case Study #1
Published in Tony Giampaolo, Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practice, 2020
The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is gaining acceptance as a clean coal technology with potential for continued development and performance improvement. The Piñon Pine project represents the next step in demonstrating this technology on a commercial scale. A unique feature of this IGCC application is the ability of the GE MS6001FA compressor to deliver the high extraction flows required to supply an air-blown gasifier. While the turbo-machinery is unchanged, the combustion design is modified, based on experience gained from previous “F” class machines that have been integrated into IGCC applications. The combustion system is flexible and can operate efficiently on a variety of fuels including the low Btu syngas and natural gas to be used at Piñon Pine. The highly efficient “F” technology MS6001FA confers excellent combined cycle performance. Because of its physical design, the MS6001FA gives a logical, economical combined cycle powerplant arrangement. Additionally, the air-blown gasifier, with hot gas clean-up, allows significant plant simplification and improvement in overall plant efficiency. This project will demonstrate reduced NOx and SOx emissions resulting from the hot gas clean-up technology.
Strategy on coal consumption and GHGs emission analysis based on the LEAP model: a case study
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Nonrenewable energy resources such as fossil fuels are playing a vital role in increasing environmental emissions to make meteorological change and also cause environmental instability. Therefore, the installed capacity of imported coal according to MRI scenario upsurges from 15 GW to 25 GW. On the other hand, the installed capacity of other alternative energy resources reduced from 30 GW to 13 GW as compare to REF scenario as presented in Figure 10. It was also observed that the installed capacity of natural gas was 20 GW in 2018 under MRI scenario, which improved the total capacity from all resources was reached up to 60 GW. The overall production of electrical power generation was similar to reference or baseline scenarios. In addition, the domestic coal increased significantly due to the increase in bulk capacity in the country. Imported coal resources were 0.1% in 2013, which could be projected to increase by 19% in 2035. Emissions of imported coal were 31 million tons in 2013 and increased to 230 million tons in 2035 as shown in Figure 11. The use of clean coal technologies can reduce GHGs emissions from fossil fuels and can sustain a pleasant and clean environment.
Exergy cascade release pathways and exergy efficiency analysis for typical indirect coal combustion processes
Published in Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2019
Qiuhui Yan, Tiantian Lu, Jieren Luo, Yanwan Hou, Xiaohong Nan
At present, the main developing clean coal technologies are direct liquefaction technology, supercritical water gasification technology and chemical-looping combustion technology and a series of indirect reactions [10]. Jin et al. made an experimental study on hydrogen production in supercritical water gasification [11]. Authier presented a theoretical investigation of coal chemical-looping combustion for electricity generation [12]. Vostrikov et al. explored the experimental conditions and conversion products about coal gasification with water under supercritical conditions [13]. Aziz et al. researched the integrated clean co-production of H2 and power from low rank coal covering the entire process from drying to storage. An integrated system for the conversion of low rank coal to both H2 and power has been modelled through overall system integration and the exergy destruction in the overall integrated system can be minimised, leading to considerably total energy efficiency [14]. Hanak et al. put forward a new class of high-temperature solid looping combustion technologies for high-efficiency low-emission power generation called calcium looping combustion and conducts a techno-economic performance evaluation for this technology [15]. There are too many researches about these clean coal technologies, so the paper is no longer to repeat.
Petrographic composition of the ex-situ lignite gasification residues
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Barbara Bielowicz, Michał Raszowski, Natalia Maciejończyk
Petrological analysis of coal allows evaluating the possibility of using it in various processes, including clean coal technologies. In turn, petrological analysis of residues after a given process enable the assessment of the process itself. In the case of lignite, clean coal technologies can be used in technologies improving the efficiency of electricity production, resulting in raw material savings and the increased efficiency of the process, capture and storage of carbon dioxide produced during the gasification (CCS), and in technologies enabling the production of liquid and gaseous fuels from lignite, including the gasification of coal (Kasztelewicz, Polak, and Zajączkowski 2009). Depending on the site where the process is carried out, both surface gasification (in which the mined coal is subjected to gasification in the surface gasifier) and underground coal gasification – UCG (in which the in situ coal in the rock mass is subjected to chemical reactions) can be distinguished (Kavalov and Peteves 2007).