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Supporting Technologies
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
There are a number of processes that are not directly involved in the production of hydrocarbon fuels but serve in a supporting role. These include the hydrogen unit to produce hydrogen for hydrocracking and hydrotreating; the gas processing unit, which separates the low-boiling hydrocarbons; the acid gas treating unit, which removes hydrogen sulfide and other acid gases from the hydrocarbon gas stream; and the sulfur recovery unit. Sulfur removal and recovery by the Claus process and Claus tail gas treatment are the most common sulfur removal processes. In addition to these technologies there are various other units that provide utilities and handle waste streams, such as the effluent water-treating system. Although these units are not discussed in this chapter, they are by no means less important. No petroleum refinery can operate efficiently without robust utility and waste handling systems.
Feedstock Preparation
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The Claus process (Figure 4.7) involves combustion of approximately one-third of the hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and then reaction of the sulfur dioxide with the remaining hydrogen sulfide in the presence of a fixed bed of activated alumina, cobalt molybdenum catalyst resulting in the formation of elemental sulfur: 2H2S+3O2→2SO2+2H2O2H2S+SO2→3S+2H2O
The Claus Process Catalysts
Published in Alvin B. Stiles, Theodore A. Koch, Catalyst Manufacture, 2019
Alvin B. Stiles, Theodore A. Koch
The Claus process is that process whereby hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are reacted stoichiometrically to produce elemental sulfur and water. The reaction is conducted at a relatively high temperature to keep the sulfur in vapor form. After reaction the gases are passed through a condenser to deposit the sulfur for recovery. The catalyst usually used for this operation is purchased as heat-treated gamma- or alpha-alumina or alumina modified by the incorporation of titania, zirconia, or silica. To modify the alumina, one can impregnate gamma-alumina with titanium tetrachloride (or a Tyzor), zirconium nitrate, colloidal silica (Ludox SM), or one or more of various other colloidal dispersions. After the alumina has been coated or impregnated with the promoters, the impregnated material is dried and then finally calcined at 550–700°C to effect a solid-state reaction between the alumina and the promoter.
Electrochemical recovery of hydrogen and elemental sulfur from hydrogen sulfide gas by two-cell system
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
J. Narendranath, J. Manokaran, S. Shanmuga Sundar, R. Muruganantham, Ahmed Al Shoaibi, C. Srinivasakannan, N. Balasubramanian
The major concern that persists with the oil and gas operations is the emission of hydrogen sulfide, frequently or inadvertently, during the initial or later stages of the process. Hence, the industries focus on removal of sulfur from the crude petroleum in oil refinery but due to the strict government policies on air-quality standards, they struggle to remove the sulfur in an economical way. Claus process is one of the traditional methods practiced for ages but it due to its drawback of low conversion rate, considerable amount of unreacted hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide discharge makes its application limited (Beavon and Fleck 1975; Pieplu, Saur, and Lavxlley 1998; Schoofs 1985).
Effect of CO2/H2O on adsorptive removal of H2S/SO2 mixture
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Jianyu Xuan, Chenyang Wang, Lin Zhang, Qun Cui, Haiyan Wang
The Claus process [1] is the most widely used in industrial sulfur recovery devices, which can convert the gaseous sulfides into elemental sulfur through the catalytic reaction for the product of sulfur. However, the sulfur recovery efficiencies are typically only 95% due to the thermodynamic limitations of the Claus reaction. Claus tail gas [2,3] contains H2S (1–2 vol.%) and SO2 (∼ 1 vol.%), as well as trace element sulfur, COS and CS2, etc., which need to be purified and then discharged.