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Spray-freeze-dried Particles as Novel Delivery Systems for Vaccines and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Published in S. Padma Ishwarya, Spray-Freeze-Drying of Foods and Bioproducts, 2022
Similar to the above, an inhalable liposomal dry powder of clarithromycin (CLA) was prepared by ultrasonic spray-freeze-drying (USFD: ultrasonic atomization → rapid freezing → freeze-drying). Different cryoprotectants such as sucrose, mannose and trehalose were used (Ye et al., 2017). Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic that is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including the elimination of Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and interrupting their RNA-dependent protein synthesis (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2021). The rationale of adopting USFD is to leverage its ability to result in large porous particles with a narrow size distribution (Bi et al., 2008; Ye et al., 2017). True to the above fact, USFD-CLA particles showed spherical shape and rough porous surface morphology with micron-scale particle size, high aerosolization efficiency (>85%) and FPF (up to 50%). Moreover, the drug recovery was as high as 85%. When rehydrated, the liposomal CLA showed 80% encapsulation efficiency with narrow particle size distribution (polydispersity index, PDI < 0.4). The product showed superior storage stability after 3 months of storage at 25°C and 60% RH. Among the different cryoprotectants used, sucrose demonstrated the best protective effect during freeze-drying and mannitol exhibited good moisture protection effect owing to its crystalline nature. The latter was stated as the reason for the high stability of USFD-CLA-DPI to the high humidity storage milieu. Addition of 5% sucrose and 15% mannose (w/w) to the feed formulation imparted both moisture protective effects and aerosolization efficiency upon the liposomal dry powder prepared using USFD. Further, increasing the mannitol concentration enhanced the porosity and aerosolization efficiency of USFD-CLA-DPI (Ye et al., 2017).
Multivariate Optimization of Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin, and Clarithromycin Degradation in Medical Laboratory Wastewater by Ozonation
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
Irfan Basturk, Gamze Varank, Selda Murat-Hocaoglu, Senem Yazici Guvenc, Emine Can-Güven, Elmas Eva Oktem-Olgun, Oltan Canli
Fluoroquinolones, macrolides, cephalosporin, and many other groups of antibiotics were detected in raw and treated wastewater globally (Anjali and Shanthakumar 2019). Cephalexin (CEX), a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, is widely used for the treatment of infections due to its strong antibacterial activity (Kong et al. 2016). CEX is among the most 200 prescribed antibiotics in the world in 2003 (Lai and Wu 2003). Various processes such as UV/H2O2 (da Rocha et al. 2017), photo-Fenton (Bansal and Verma 2017), adsorption (Miao et al. 2016; Pouretedal and Sadegh 2014), biological oxidation (Adel et al. 2014), sonochemical treatment (W. Guo et al. 2010), and hybrid process (Seid-Mohammadi et al. 2020) has been applied to remove CEX from water. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections in humans and animals (Ahmadzadeh et al. 2017). CIP is very persistent in the aquatic environments (Sui et al. 2012) and one of the most frequently detected antibiotics in the wastewater (Anjali and Shanthakumar 2019). Photochemical degradation (H. G. Guo et al. 2013), radiation (Tegze et al. 2019), Fenton (Giri and Golder 2014), biological treatment (Rusch et al. 2019), adsorption (Bizi and El Bachra 2020) has been applied for the CIP removal from water or wastewater. Clarithromycin (CLA), a macrolide antibiotic, is widely used in the treatment of human and animal diseases as well as in aquaculture (Barbosa et al. 2016). CLA has been detected in the effluents of wastewater (Birosova et al. 2014) and surface waters (Gracia-Lor, Sancho, and Hernández 2011; Hoa et al. 2011). CLA removal was investigated by catalytic degradation (Serrano et al. 2018), photocatalytic decomposition (Lou et al. 2017), membrane biological reactor (Dolar et al. 2012), reverse osmosis, nanofiltration (Beier et al. 2010), and Fenton oxidation (Hassani et al. 2018).