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Industrial Wastewater Management
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
Two physical treatment processes are clarification or sedimentation and flotation. When an industrial wastewater containing a suspension of solid particles that have a higher specific gravity than the transporting liquid is in a relatively calm state, the particles will settle out because of the effects of gravity. This process of separating the settleable solids from the liquid is called clarification or sedimentation. In some treatment systems employing two or more stages of treatment and clarification, the terms primary, secondary, and final clarification are used. Primary clarification is the term normally used for the first clarification process in the system. This process is used to remove the readily settleable solids prior to subsequent treatment processes, particularly biological treatment. This treatment step results in significantly lower pollutant loadings to downstream processes and is appropriate for industrial wastewaters containing a high suspended solid content. Flotation, as opposed to clarification, which separates suspended particles from liquids by gravitational forces, accomplishes this operation because of their density difference by the introduction of air into the system. Fine bubbles adhere to, or are absorbed by, the solids, which are then lifted to the surface [3,4].
Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Published in Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont, Water Resource Management Issues, 2019
Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont
When an industrial wastewater containing a suspension of solid particles that have a higher specific gravity than the transporting liquid is in a relatively calm state, the particles will settle out because of the effects of gravity. This process of separating the settleable solids from the liquid is called clarification or sedimentation. In some treatment systems employing two or more stages of treatment and clarification, the terms primary, secondary, and final clarification are used. Primary clarification is the term normally used for the first clarification step in a system. This process is used to remove the readily settleable solids prior to subsequent treatment, particularly in biological treatment systems. This treatment step results in significantly lower pollutant loadings to downstream processes and is appropriate for industrial wastewaters containing a high suspended solids content.
Particle Characterization and Dynamics
Published in Wen-Ching Yang, Handbook of Fluidization and Fluid-Particle Systems, 2003
Generally, the separation of solid particulates from liquid suspensions consists of one or more process steps: pretreatment, solids concentration, solids separation, and posttreatment. To implement these steps four major unit operations are commonly used: Filtration (cake filtration, deep-bed filtration, and membrane filtration)Sedimentation (thickening and clarification)Centrifugation (centrifugal filtration and sedimentation)Hydrocyclones (classification and clarification)
Disinfection options for irrigation water: Reducing the risk of fresh produce contamination with human pathogens
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Catherine E. Dandie, Abiodun D. Ogunniyi, Sergio Ferro, Barbara Hall, Barbara Drigo, Christopher W. K. Chow, Henrietta Venter, Baden Myers, Permal Deo, Erica Donner, Enzo Lombi
Generally, treatment approaches can be separated into clarification and disinfection processes. Clarification processes can be classified as follows: physical/mechanical methods, like screening, slow sand filters and membrane filtration treatment; biological methods, such as biofilters; and chemical methods, such as coagulation and flocculation. Disinfection processes can involve the application of chemicals, such as chlorine, ozone (O3), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or might be based on non-chemical disinfection methods like ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.