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Toxicity of Terpenoids in Human Health
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Ritobrata Goswami, Dijendra Nath Roy
Monoterpenoids: These terpenoids are the simplest member of the terpenoid family. They have the chemical formula of C10H14O. Such terpenoids have been used to develop insecticides and, therefore, they have the potential of acting as toxins (Mihaliak et al. 1991). Monoterpenes secreted by ants act as repellents to other ant species (Scheffrahn et al. 1983). Two decades back, one study evaluated the toxicity of six monoterpenoids including citral, citronellal, eugenol, geraniol, limonene and nerol to C. formosanus, the Formosan subterranean termite (Tholl 2015). Eugenol, a monoterpenoid alcohol, acted as the most effective termiticide (Tholl 2015). Monoterpenoids have been shown to be effective against permethrin-resistant human head lice (Toloza et al. 2008). ‘Pure oxygenated monoterpenoids have also been evaluated for their toxic effects against such lice’. It has been observed that citronellol and geraniol from Geranium sp. oil have demonstrated the most effective toxicity against such lice (Gonzalez-Audino et al. 2011).
Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit) belongs to the family of Geraniaceae. It is a plant of choice of EO. A perennial shaggy bush local of South Africa, up to one meter in stature, likewise found and developed in France, Spain, Italy, Egypt, Central America, Japan, and Congo. Eugenol, citronellol, linalool, geraniol, citronellyl formate, citral, myrtenol, terpineol, and sabinene are the chemical constituents of its EO (Rana et al., 2002). A standout among the best common fragrance, complete is geranium oil, for the most part utilized in soaps and detergents since its one of a kind is never tried with alkalinity of soaps. In this manner, this oil is commonly used to control the feelings in aroma therapy. It is utilized in eczema, dermatitis, maturing skin, some fungal infections, alongside stress, and nervousness-related problems. The oil has some antibacterial activity and is a significant ingredient for endometriosis treatment. This oil is additionally utilized for its calming properties, nerve tonic, in throat infection, to rectify the blood disorder diabetes and for menopausal-related problems. A couple of reports are there about its supportive therapy in uterine and breast malignant growth, and it additionally positively can help the patient in adapting to the pain. Individuals have used this as an enhancing specialist for nourishment stuff alongside alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages. It is a compelling creepy crawly repellant (Tisserand and Young, 2002). In addition, this oil is picking up notoriety as antidiabetic, anticancer, antibacterial, and antimicrobial agent (Ben Hsouna and Hamdi, 2012).
Toward New Reactor and Reaction Engineering
Published in Salmi Tapio, Mikkola Jyri-Pekka, Wärnå Johan, Chemical Reaction Engineering and Reactor Technology, 2019
Salmi Tapio, Mikkola Jyri-Pekka, Wärnå Johan
Hydrogenation of citral was selected as an example, because it nicely illustrates a case with complex stoichiometry and kinetics, which is characteristic for fine chemicals. The stoichiometric scheme is shown in Figure 9.11. The reaction system is relevant for the manufacture of fragrances, since some of the intermediates, citronellal and citronellol, have a pleasant smell, while the final product 3,7-dimethyloctanol is useless. This is why the optimization of product yield is of crucial importance. Isothermal and isobaric experiments were carried out under hydrogen pressure in a monolith reactor system at various pressures and temperatures (293–373 K, Figure 9.11).
Quality and safety of South African hand sanitisers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
W. de Bruin, M. C. van Zijl, N. H. Aneck-Hahn, L. Korsten
Thirty substances are known skin allergens and/or harmful to human and environmental health. Allergy and asthma categories include sunset yellow, tartrazine, and triclosan (Zaragoza-Ninet et al. 2016). Causal agents of ACD include benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine digluconate, triclosan, benzyl salicylate, citral, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, hydroxycitronellol, limonene, tetrahydroxypropyl ethylenediamine, triclosan, benzophenone-4, methylchloroisothiazolinone, and methylisothiazolinone. Of the 20 recorded fragrances, 13 belong to the European Cosmetics Regulation’s list (EU 2012) of the most known allergenic substances. Substances that can cause other adverse health effects include brilliant blue, the most common dye recorded in this study and one that has been the cause of metabolic acidosis, refractory shock, and death as a consequence of systemic absorption (Ryan et al. 2001; Maloney et al. 2002; Gaur et al. 2003; Klein 2004). A previous study showed that permeation of brilliant blue in aftershave was possible through shaven skin (Lucova et al. 2013) and is noteworthy because a skin barrier already compromised due to excessive ABHS usage poses a higher risk of systemic absorption.
Regional variation in percutaneous absorption in in vitro human models: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Aileen M. Feschuk, Nadia Kashetsky, Chavy Chiang, Anuk Burli, Halie Burdick, Howard I. Maibach
Schmitt et al. (2010) examined percutaneous permeation of the main constituents of rose oil including monoterpenes alpha-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, linalool, trans-rose oxide, cis-rose oxide, isomenthone, β-citronellol, and geraniol on abdominal, breast, and upper arm skin. Skin was obtained from Caucasian female patients that underwent plastic surgery (sample size of upper arm n = 6 from 59-year-old female, breast skin n = 4 with unknown patient age, and abdominal skin n = 12 from two patients aged 31 and 39). Experiments were performed in a Franz diffusion cell and 1000 ul native rose oil was added to the donor compartment. After 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 27 hr, the acceptor fluid samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. The primary outcomes analyzed included permeability coefficient = (quotient of flux which is calculated by the slope of the cumulative amount penetrated as a function of time and the donor concentration) and lag time calculated as the time-intercept, from the cumulative amount penetrated as a function of time plot.
Effects of hibiscetin pretreatment on the color and anthocyanin level of microwave vacuum dried edible roses
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Xin-Li Ran, Min Zhang, Wenchao Liu, Liqing Qiu, Yuchuan Wang, Bhesh Bhandari, Bin Wang
To investigate the effects of three pretreatments on the flavor of rose flowers, the flavor of rose flowers pretreated by three different solutions were evaluated by E-nose after drying. Figure 2 shows the odor signal distribution of dried roses pretreated by different methods measured by E-nose. As could be observed, the outlines of radar fingerprint for samples with different pretreatments were similar to each other. That may be attributed to the fact that odor vectors of roses were insignificantly influenced by treatments before drying. Furthermore, the responsiveness of S1 (sensing aroma component with a sweet smell) and S11 (sensing volatile organic components [alkanes, aromatics, etc.]) was the strongest. It may because the major aroma volatile contributing to the unique floral scents of roses are some aromatic molecules, long-chain hydrocarbons, oxides and ethers, esters, and aldehydes and phenols.[30,31] It was also demonstrated in a previous study that the primary aroma substances in rose-based products were β-phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, and eugenol.[32]